Diamond Trade in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jewel Trade in Africa - Essay Example Describing this history shows how Africa and one f its most attractive assets have gotten entrapped in the qualities f a social bilingual f political economies, and the picture f the African endures afterward; a decreased capacity to guarantee political portrayal for some African people groups, and a diminished spot f cooperation on the planet economies for African countries and Africa, as a worldwide element is the outcome. (Sherman 600-615) As the picture f a riotous Africa continues in the chronicled second to de-legitimize it as suitable specialist in global political economies, separated from f its verifiable conditions and left to the impulse f showcase powers and subjecting social practices, an ever increasing number of African people groups come to using power and savagery with an end goal to achieve their investment, sustaining this lamentable picture. Precious stones, as an item f Western tasteful qualities, through the conditions f history and topography, turns into a perfect vehicle for this propagation. (Olsson 1133-1150) In spite of the fact that precious stones happen all over Africa, they are gotten to most effectively in riverbeds by means of alluvial mining. This requires far less truly escalated exertion; thus, the waterways start to fill in as fringes. Mapped as precious stone assets, they become instruments f power and at last, corruptive relations among the district. In 1997 the NGO Global Witness distributed a record f the neighborhood common wars entitled Rough Trade. In Angola and Sierra Leone, where mined jewels were and are being utilized to subsidize fierce battles over land, assets and political portrayal, the streams have become graphed as the social assets f different divisions under the support f military authorization. Worldwide Witness reason for existing was to uncover the false endeavors f the authentic precious stone exchange, recognizably the intermediaries for DeBeers and the shadow brokers in the middle. In spite of the fact that the reason for existing was to uncover and censure these approaches f promoting blood precious stones, the distribution portrayed the battle just as an ethical one for Western business and customers contending in favor f not supporting the savage turmoil f Africa. Accentuation was made on the political battles, especially in Angola, where the effort for portrayal between political restrictions UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence f Angola) and MPLA keeps on partitioning into battles over precious stones alone. Yet, at present the main political concern f the social groups included is the tremendous individual addition to be gained through control f such plentiful and significant assets, eventually pointing towards the requirement for military nearness in mined zones. (Sherman 600-615) The precious stone as an original f Western worth turns into the ideal methods f ingraining financial confusion through the simplicity f misusing other social qualities. There size, accommodation, f transport and mining, just as their financial worth, can make them a definitive source f fund for an upset. This suits as a nearby model that is mainland in its impact. It is doubtful that each African comprehends what a precious stone is, and what its value, less to them, yet to the non-African, and as such turns into a window f monetary, and in this way conceivably political chance. The connecting f Africa with jewels is a lot of a similar picture as the African with savagery. The treasure f the landmass is just so toward the Western

Love Songs in Age and Wild Oats by Philip Larkin Essay

All through Love Songs in Age and Wild Oats, Philip Larkin utilizes different abstract procedures, for example, symbolism, structure and imagery to pass on specific parts of adoration and the progression of time. These perspectives are lit up by Dannie Abse in Down the M4. Love Songs in Age pictures a lady, maybe Larkin’s mother, who has kept the melodic scores of tunes she used to play, maybe on the piano, and rediscovers them after numerous years, when she is a widow. In the sonnet, Larkin utilizes lexical decision to investigate how love is regularly twisted and as a general rule, love neglects to satisfy its guarantees of ‘freshness’ and ‘brilliance’. In the third verse, the idea of ‘much-mentioned’ practically old hat, love is introduced in its ‘brilliance’, love lifts us up, ‘its splendid beginning cruising above’; it is ‘still promising to settle, to satisfy’; and carries request to turmoil ‘set unchangeably in order’. In any case, in a snapshot of sorrowful acknowledgment, ‘to cry’ the character thinks about how love has not satisfied those brilliant guarantees, leaving the last tragic note: ‘it had not done so at that point, and couldn't now’. This excruciating acknowledgment of the disappointment of love’s guarantee to unravel the dejection of our lives, in both youth and age, is lit up in Down the M4 by Dannie Abse. The negative closure, ‘It won’t keep’ suggesting that the mother’s life, represented by the ‘tune’ isn't perpetual, enlightens the perishability of adoration in Love Songs in Age, and how we should in the long run observe past the ‘promises’ and rather ‘glare’ into the truth of death, without enduring affection. In Wild Oats, love is passed on along these lines. It clarifies that an individual, through the span of time, comes to understand that his most noteworthy wants of adoration, are unreachable, and second best things should get the job done. The focal reason for this sonnet is to show that adoration is one of these extraordinary wants and in spite of flashes of guarantee it contains hardly whatever is more than fragmentary. Larkin uncovers, through tone, style, and incongruity, the horrendous human expectations and cold real factors that affection motivates. Larkin utilizes words, for example, ‘rose’ to investigate love as out of reach. The symbolism invokes considerations of dazzling petals, yet we regularly disregard the thorny stem on which the rose sits. This word is utilized in both, the first and third verses, to delineate the excellent lady who the storyteller begins to look all starry eyed at. Her lovely face and body charm him into friendship, driving him to neglect her brutal ‘thorns’. Unexpectedly rose additionally recommends good, agreeable, or simple conditions, a definition that is the omplete inverse of what the out of reach darling actuates in the narrator’s life. The speaker likewise utilizes words, for example, ‘cathedral’, ‘ring’, and ‘clergy’ in the subsequent verse, to certainly express that he proposes to the excellent darling, and is denied commonly. In the third refrain, Larkin’s innovative utilization of the word ‘snaps’ i n depicting the photos of his sweetheart he hefts around. Rather than just calling them pictures or photos, he substitutes a word that takes after what the lady in the image did to his heart! In the last lines of the main verse the speaker closes with ‘But it was the companion I took out’, considering he babbles about how delightful and extraordinary her companion is, it is befuddling and amusing that he picks the young lady in ‘specs’. The speaker proceeds in the subsequent refrain and says ‘I trust I met wonderful twice’ the vulnerability of how often he met her isn't authentic and is just intended to appear as though he doesn't consider or recollect how frequently they met, when practically it is all he thinks about. In the third verse the speaker states, ‘Well, helpful to get that learnt’. This is endeavor by the speaker to lighten the chilly truth of the total loss of his craving in attempting to state that he took in an important exercise about affection. Nonetheless, this is conflicting in light of the fact that he made due with the young lady in ‘specs’ because of realizing that the wonderful young lady, who at last represents genuine affection, was out of reach from the earliest starting point. This unreachability is enlightened by the ‘perishable’ story Abse’s mother reveals to him each time he visits in Down the M4. This proposes age, and maybe endeavors at adoration likely could be rehashed and once more, yet in the long run we as a whole become ‘bored to love’. In addition to the fact that Larkin explores love he investigates the past and the quick development from youth to adulthood. In Love Songs in Age, Larkin utilizes the development of the sheets or records to represent the development from adoration and youth to parenthood, widowhood and to the memory of youth in mature age, which is delineated as arousing to an excruciating acknowledgment of the disappointment of love’s guarantee to illuminate the dejection of our lives, in both youth and age. Regular household articles and places are caught in ordinary articulations, ‘a clean fit’, the sonnet at that point moves into exceptionally fashioned metaphorical language to communicate separation between our activities and contemplations and any expectations of amazing quality through adoration, ‘its splendid early stage cruising above’, lastly moves into acknowledgment of ‘It had not done so at that point, and couldn't now’. This shows how the at various times combine and our background or age doesn't reduce our yearning and dissatisfactions. The unfailing feeling of being youthful, spread out like a spring-woken trees’ shows the utilization of normal symbolism to associate youth to spring. On the other hand, similar to a season, it rapidly passes and before we understand it, we have developed old. This thought is likewise made increasingly strong by the woman’s age, that just in ‘widowhood’ does she discover them, and the wistfulness clears over her. Larkin investigates how when we are youthful, we have ‘that conviction of time laid up in store’, the conviction that we have such a great amount of time to do all that we might need to do throughout everyday life, it’s just as we age, that we understand our time is constrained. This impediment on time is lit up in Down the M4, when Abse delineates our excursion through life as ‘further than all separation known’, yet immediately subverts this when saying ‘it won’t keep’. This recommends when we are youthful, investigating the past in adulthood appears to be a significant distance away, however at a speed of a vehicle on the motorway, it is available. In Wild Oats, Larkin investigates a specific part of human instinct, how we regularly enter enduring connections, that we know won't be profitable, yet we despite everything proceed because of our dread of disappointment. Larkin not just uses enjambment and a progression of conjunctions in the initial two verses to show the length of the trivial relationship, yet he in actuality utilizes the relationship to investigate how our desire for the perfect, can prompt disappointment in adoration. The last verse in Wild Oats manages the harsh separation Larkin experiences with his subsequent option for a sweetheart. The expression, ‘Five rehearsals’ unequivocally passes on the eagerly awaited cut off to this destined association. He concedes his deficiencies and pushes, what more likely than not been, a significant bit of his life’s experience to the other side with a solitary impactful line, ‘Well, helpful to get that learnt. This line makes it understood to the peruser that he truly hasn’t took in anything noteworthy from his encounters. It underscores his harshness towards the total futility of the relationship. Larkin’s mockery likewise shows the peruser how he wish es he had gone with the lady he had fantasized about instead of burning through his time pursuing something he didn’t have faith in; his view of affection. Towards the finish of the verse Larkin again alludes to the lady with a sexual feeling when he composes ‘bosomy rose with hide gloves on’. The gloves are an undeniable sexual image, yet this trace of something progressively amble is quickly supressed and voided of any positive implication by Larkin’s denigration of the photos, or conceivably the gloves as ‘Unlucky charms, perhaps’, a plain, indifferent affirmation that yearning for what he realized he would never secure has been the purpose behind his disappointment in affection. In Down the M4, Dannie Abse lights up how our mission for the perfect life is crazy, rather recommending that mature age and mortality is unavoidable, as our charming lives ‘won’t keep’.

What You Need to Have Done by September 1 for College Admissions 2018 TKG

What You Need to Have Done by September 1 for College Admissions 2018 The summer is upon us, which really means that it’s basically September in our minds. The summer is not a time for play, it’s a time for work. It’s a preview to the rest of your life, if you’re a student. Not to get too dark, but it’s true. Parents, while summer might be a time that you associate with vacations and relaxation, if you have a kid who is applying to colleges next year we’re going to strongly encourage you to wait to schedule vacations for winter break.The summer is a distracting time in and of itself, and no one ever got any work done on vacation. Trust us. The best thing that you could do for your kid this summer is to help them stay on track with their work, reading, and writing. Encourage them to figure out an organizational system that works for them.We’ve drawn up some checklists for you and for your child so that you can both be on track come September 1. These are all of the items that you should have done by the time September 1 (AKA: the beginning of senior year) rolls around. We implore you to customize this list and add things specific to you and your child’s application process. Check in each week with both your list and your parent or child’s list. Let us know if you have any questions at all, or need help creating your own list for your family. That’s why we’re here.For StudentsDeadline: September 1Study, study, study for any upcoming testingTake a practice test each week!Read at least 5 books. List them here and cross them off your list once you’ve read it:1.          2.          3.          4.          5.          Complete registration for any last-minute testingFor the July ACT, the registration deadline is June 15For the September ACT, the registration deadline isFor the August SAT, the registration deadline is  Write down these deadlines for submitting your test scores to schools in every possible place that you can so that you don’t forgetED/EA schools: submit test scores by October 1RD schools: submit test scores by December 1Introduce yourself to your college counselor. Hint: they’re going to be writing you a recommendation and are responsible for submitting all of your paperwork on time. It’s best for them to know you well and to see your face often. Stand out by bringing them coffee or tea once a week. Get to know them. It will only help you.Create and complete your college listComplete sections 1-4 of your Common Application (that means creating an account)Make sure you have realistic reaches, targets, and safeties. Let us know if you have questions about where a school should fall on your list.Complete all early decision and early action essays and supplementsTip: Create a Google Doc for each school that you can write your essays in so that you’re not tied to Microsoft Word if it crashes or your computer fizzles out.Make sure you have realistic reaches, targets, and safeties. Let us know if you have questions about where a school should fall on your list.Create a plan of action for your fall semester extracurricular activities. Time is going to get away from you with applications when you should be running for leadership positions and continuing to take on more responsibility. Make sure you have a plan.Make sure you’re enrolled in the most challenging courses possible. If you’re not, change your schedule ASAP.If you haven’t, contact your teachers for recommendation letters. Send them an email over the summer. This should have been done last semester, but here we are. Get on it.Create a spreadsheet with all of your deadlines for application season in a format that makes sense to you and that you will follow.Talk with your parents about when and if you’re going to have time to visit any schools in the fall once students are on campus (we don’t advise visiting over the summer). Schedule out those visits and register ahead of time because the tours and information sessions fill up.  For ParentsDeadline: September 1Make sure your chil d is registered for any and all standardized tests that are coming up over the summer and that they don’t miss registration deadlines.Help your student complete and finalize their college list.Compare your child’s test scores to the median test score range for the schools on their list. That is the best way to tell if a school is a safety, target, or reach.Get with your calendar and plan out fall college visits.Register early. These tours fill up with families who are scrambling to get this done at the last minute.Don’t do them over the summer when classes aren’t in session. It’s only ¼ of the picture without students on campus.Plot out your child’s early application strategy early.Are you sending a pattern? It’s that you should get things done early.Yes, your child should apply early decision and early action. Here’s why.Mark down important deadlines on multiple surfaces and mediums throughout your home and lifeLet us know if you need help with any or all of the ab ove. It’s what we do best and it’s why we are here. We want to help you execute this process so that it’s not stressful. It can even be fun. At least we think so.

The Age Of Innocence By Edith Wharton - 1558 Words

The family-oriented 1950 s were perhaps the last decade in which women s behavior and social norms were in agreement, according to the study, entitled American Women in Transition. There is much controversy on the social norms of women. In her well credited novel The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton uses gender roles to emphasize that women are seen inferior to men while portraying that it is socially acceptable in their society to objectify women and categorize them based on their actions. She uses two highly contrasting characters that both embody desirable traits as well as inexpedient traits in order to convey this. Wharton’s parents were wealthy conservatives who belonged to New York’s upper class. At the age of 23, she wed a wealthy upper class man as her parents had wanted. Wharton was not fond of any of the events which came along with the lifestyle, leading her to a nervous breakdown a few years into her marriage. When she was younger she had written short stories and poems, so subsequently when she had her break down it was recommended that she start to write again. She wrote the novel incompletely as a representation of her own life and struggles. Newland Archer evidently holds a predisposition for objectifying Countess Ellen Olenska as well as May Welland. Wharton describes this perception of May on page 6 of the novel as, â€Å"he contemplated her absorbed young face with a thrill of possessorship in which pride in his own masculine initiation wasShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Innocence By Edith Wharton1539 Words   |  7 PagesIn Edith Wharton’s novel, The Age of Innocence, the old New York society accepted those who followed moral codes and dreaded hearing those who did not. Growing up in a society that has strict rules and traditions in the 1800’s, Wharton wrote books about this time period and how characters were affected by these societal rules and traditions. Edith Wharton grew up in New York City and spent most her life there. She met her husband, Edward Wharton there and continued writing other novels as well. LaterRead MoreThe Age Of Innocence By Edith Wharton2131 Words   |  9 Pages The novel, The Age of Innocence, is the story of Newland Archer, a lawyer and heir to one of New York s most prominent families. Newland is planning to marry the young, beautiful and sheltered May Welland, however when May s exotic cousin, the Countess Ellen Olenska, appears on the scene he begins to question these plans. Throughout The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton uses the social interactions and attitudes of Newland Archer and his friends as a means of weighing society itself. The genreRead MoreEssay on The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton539 Words   |  3 Pages Edith Wharton was the author of The Age of Innocence, a novel published in 1920. In the book, many topics were considered, such as divorce, the empowerment of women, and the lifestyle of the wealthy. The inspiration for these motifs occurred throughout her life. Although Edith Wharton’s work was not well-received, the topics included in her writings held many truths about upper-class society in the late 1800s; therefore, Edith Wharton was influenced by her past and societal experiences. WhartonRead MoreThe Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton1505 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  The  narrator  is  able  to  share  how  life  in  high  New  York  society  functions.   More  specifically,  the  narrator  is  able  to  reveal  Newland  Archer’s  thoughts  and  emotions  as  he   works  through  his  internal  struggle.    ­Irony ­Ã‚   The  book  being  called  The  Age  of  Innocence  is  ironic  because  the  one  who  would  be  perceived   as  being  most  innocent,  is  not  as  naà ¯ve  as  believed.  May  Welland  Archer  grew  up  innocent  and   naà ¯ve  and  has  never  known  passion  until  her  husband  introduces  her  to  it.  Ã‚  After  Newland  begins   his  affairRead MoreThe Age Of Innocence By Edith Wharton And The Waste Land1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton and The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot has similar recurring imagery. Both literary works portray two women in a way and compare these two women characters. Wharton’s portrayal of gender in the society of Old New York illustrates the â€Å"perfect† woman through May Welland along with the â€Å"imperfect† woman through Ellen Olenska, whereas in the poem The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot, the role and sexuality of women is shown through the juxtaposition of two women in the sectionRead MoreSociety in The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesSociety in The Age of Innocence The Age of Innocence, written by Edith Wharton, is about the upper-class society of New York City in the 1870’s. The novel follows the life of an upper-class lawyer named Newland Archer. He is going to wed May Welland, who comes from another upper-class family. As the novel progresses Newland starts to become intrigued with May’s cousin, the poor Ellen Olenska. Ellen is called â€Å"poor† because she is shameful in the eyes of the society that surrounds her. EllenRead MoreThe Birth Of The Realism And Modernism Era1322 Words   |  6 PagesEdith Wharton Literary History The birth of the Realism and Modernism era appeared during the late eighteenth century to early nineteenth century. Both Realism and Modernism are evident in many of Edith Wharton’s literary works. Realism came from chaotic times where it â€Å"encompasses the period of time from the Civil War†(Realism from American). The United States grew enormously after the civil war with â€Å"the rapid growth in industrialism and urbanization, an expanding population base due to immigrationRead MoreEdith Wharton1675 Words   |  7 PagesBiographical Summary Edith Wharton lived a very interesting life. She had grown up in a relatively high class family. She had some trouble in her relationship though. Most of her novels are written about her past life experiences. Although she did have challenges to face, Edith Wharton ended up extremely well. On January 24, 1862, Edith Wharton was born in New York City. Her parents are George Fredric Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander. They were descents from English and Duitch colonists whoRead MoreSociety Wasn’t Built In a Day: Societal Structure in The Age of Innocence1493 Words   |  6 Pagesthing to arrive early at the opera; and what was or was not the thing played a part as important in Newland Archers New York as the inscrutable totem errors that had ruled the destinies of his forefathers thousands of years ago-Edith Wharton The Age of Innocence Societies, like houses and businesses are built a certain way. They each have a certain way of functioning and placing some people above others. Throughout history, there are plenty examples of this concept, the best of which lies withinRead MoreConformity in Edith Whartons The Age of Innocence Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesexpress the pitfalls of this new society. Edith Wharton analyzes the dual purpose of the silences through characters that represent different facets of views during the time. In the Age of Innocence,Wharton emphasizes Olenska and Archer’s silences to identify and criticize the invisible evils that lurk within the hierarchy of â€Å"old New York† and reveal the rationalization of a pretentious and delusional society. Depicting the nature of a desperate society, Wharton reveals, in this seemingly extravagant

Jean Jacques Rousseau Critique - 1360 Words

Jean-Jacques Rousseaus philosophy of education known as negative education (Entwistle in Bayley, 89) describes many valid concepts which are still applied in todays educational system. Although his philosophy is reasonable in terms of its ideas, his contradictions make it such that it would be difficult to apply realistically as pedagogy. Rousseau was a French philosopher of the eighteenth century, he argued that children should not be told what to learn, instead they should learn for themselves through experiences and his pedagogies of negative education, the discipline of natural consequences, and the discipline of lost opportunities (Entwistle in Bayley, 89). He believed that anything man-made was corrupt and that children†¦show more content†¦Schools today also reflect Rousseaus idea by having different grade levels. As each grade level progresses, the work gets more rigorous. Although there are some contradictions and exaggerations in his philosophy, the ideas behind ne gative education are valid. The Quebec schooling system today is different than from his time, but there are still schooling institutions using his philosophy today. II. Moral Education: The Discipline of Natural Consequences The Discipline of Natural Consequences emphasizes Rousseaus belief in learning rather than teaching. A more effective way of teaching principles to a child is through cause and effect. Children do not want to plainly be told what is right or wrong, what they can or cannot do all the time. If the child is put in situations where he or she will suffer the consequences of doing something wrong, the child will learn what is right. If the child learns from the consequences, he will realize that doing that action causes him pain and will want to stop doing the same mistake again. Rousseau believes that the tutor should not correct the childs mistake because nature will take its toll and teach him that lesson (Entwistle in Bayley, 93-94). Rousseaus example in the story of Emile shows that even when Emile breaks a window in his room, the tutor doesnt replace it, therefore leaving Emile to suffer the consequences ofShow MoreRelatedJe an Jacques Rousseau And The Discourse On Inequality1546 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind â€Å"In fact, the real source of all those differences, is that the savage lives within himself, whereas the citizen, beside himself, knows only how to live in the opinion of others; in so much that it is, if I may say so, merely from their judgement that he derives the consciousness of his own existence,† (Rousseau) The quote deriving from one of history’s most powerful and opinionated critique toRead MoreModern Liberalism and Political Policies1337 Words   |  6 PagesModern Liberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophies and theories each differ from one another’s, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state. Modern liberalismRead More Philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment Essay examples1477 Words   |  6 Pagesdrinking spots. The ideas of philosophes during the Enlightenment challenged whole societies. Some of philosophes include Denis Diderot, Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Voltaire. In the mid eighteenth century, the Encyclopedia was published. It was written under the leadership of Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert. Over one hundred French thinkers contributed to the Encyclopedia, including all of the major French philosophes. DiderotRead MoreThe Political Landscape Of France1367 Words   |  6 PagesBaron de Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, both paved the way for the French and other Enlightenment revolutions during the 18th and 19th centuries. Although neither of the men saw the manifestations of their ideas in the American or French Revolutions, their influence is unquestionable to these movements. Without the political and economic atmosphere in France and Europe during the 18th and 19th century, the ideas and beliefs of thinkers like Montesquieu and Rousseau would not have affectedRead MoreRousseau s Influence On Society1443 Words   |  6 PagesHarmon Rousseau Influence on Society Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher and writer of the 18th century. Rousseau’s political philosophy influenced a lot of people and was well know for his work. His philosophy had a great impact that influenced the French Revolution and develop the modern, political, sociological, and educational thought. Rousseau wanted to influence his political concepts that were important to him and wanted to develop a new way of thought. In his work, Rousseau talks aboutRead MoreExploring Karl Marx and Jean-Jacque Rousseaus Views on Freedom1541 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the writings of Karl Marx and Jean-Jacque Rousseau occasionally seem at odds with one another both philosophers needs to be read as an extension of each other to completely understand what human freedom is. The fundamental difference between the two philosophers lies within the way which they determine why humans are not free creatures in modern society but once were. Rousseau draws on the genealogical as well as the societal aspects of human nature that, in its development, has strippedRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Theory And Social Discourse1253 Words   |  6 Pagesargued for a government featuring a societal sovereign that protected property. A half century later, Jean Jacques Rousseau published Discourse on Inequality, a piece that explored the proprietary origin and distribution of equality while subtly critiquing John Locke’s the ories. By the time Karl Marx began to explore bourgeois society and its shortcomings, Rousseau was an established Locke critique who Marx’s On the Jewish Question and Communist Manifesto could contend with. The largest point of contentionRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Jacques Rousseau And Denis Diederot s Nephew1439 Words   |  6 Pagesof Jean-Jaques Rousseau’s in Emile, or On Education, and Denis Diederot’s, Rameau’s Nephew. The misdirected view of women’s education and the over utilization of reason and logic to justify moral behavior neglects to see the multidisciplinary thought on education. My perspective offers insight into how there are several contradictions in the texts that highlight the importance of holistic education for men and women. Introduction One of the principal characteristics of Jean Jacques Rousseau andRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1601 Words   |  7 Pagesreform. Philosophers and thinkers were crucial to the progress of the enlightenment. Thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, and Adam Smith were prominent figures of the enlightenment. They questioned religion, promoted secularism, and freedom. Most believed that the government was to be an extension of the people and should not be totalitarian. Locke and Rousseau were focused on protecting the people’s rights. Adam Smith focused on the economic aspects and promoted a free economyRead MoreRousseau s Influence On Politics And Literature1991 Words   |  8 Pagesof work that is wide and very influential supplemented by other pieces of work that he later came up with such as Discourse Sur l’origine De L’inegalite and other drafts that he had made of the constitutions for both Poland and Corsica. G enerally, Rousseau is seen as a moralist rather than a metaphysician in the sense that he is unavoidable while learning about history and political influence in relation to the French revolution and as well a political theorist. His thoughts are well thought out and

Radio Talk Show Host, Rush Limbaugh - 3387 Words

Advocacy Journalism is when a journalist takes a non-objective stance while speaking about a specific topic. It is generally used to argue a specific viewpoint in politics or social matters. This form of journalism has been around for many years. Traces of advocacy journalism date back all the way to the 17th century with John Milton’s Areopagitica (Applegate 11-12). Radio talk show host, Rush Limbaugh, would be a modern example of an advocacy journalist because of his commonly subjective viewpoints that he expresses to his audience. With so many media outlets for people to get their word out on, advocacy journalism has grown to be more prominent in the past few decades. Often, you come across someone speaking about his or her opinions on†¦show more content†¦He focuses on the problems his hometown of Flint, Michigan faces after their plant shuts down, leaving the majority of the town without jobs. Following the release of his first film, he set free another documenta ry in 2002 called, Bowling for Columbine. In this film he examines the gun culture in the United States. He focuses greatly on the shooting held in Littleton, Colorado at Columbine High School and why the two killers performed the terrible act that they did. Both films were slightly different than most documentaries you often watch because he does not remain objective throughout the film. Instead, Moore uses his films to speak passionately about a particular subject. They both were very influential because Moore used tactics that solidified his opinions and arguments. Moore presents information that is impactful and startling. He puts forward many examples that make his viewers elicit the response he wants and in the end makes them agree with his opinions. Ultimately, the impacts of Moore’s films were satisfactory. His use of powerful argumentative techniques sways his audience to his side of opinions. In regards to Roger Me, Moore was successful in persuading GM to hold back a few years before closing another plant because of how Moore portrayed the individuals who were laid off. The poverty and lack of prosperity of the town affected by the closure of many plants was key in persuading individuals that there was an actual

Highlights Necessity Or Importance Of Earlyâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Highlights Necessity Or Importance Of Early? Answer: Introduction Early childhood learning refers to the education given to young children up to the age of eight, formally as well as informally. Toddler or Infant education is a part of early learning, which denotes the type of education given to them from their birth to the age of two. It emerged in the European countries, which have high rate of literacy, for developing the personality of a child. In modern days, it has become a very important part of study, as the government bodies provide funding for the preschools and pre kindergartens (Ahmad Esa, 2017). The report highlights the necessity or importance of early childhood learning in order to provide a balanced effective literacy program. Often, it focuses on playful learning, which meets the intellectual, physical, emotional, social and language needs of the children. A childs imagination and curiosity enhances in this way. It allows the development of a childs imagination power. A child gain knowledge and learn efficiently through activities like social games, art and dramatic play (Baquedano-Lpez, Alexander Hernandez, 2013). The report throws light on the detailed analysis of a balanced and effective literacy program, in the early primary school setting for young children. The observations and information are collected from an educator in this field. It further includes the current setting of the literacy program and what more can be done to make it more effective. Discussion Children learn the most when they are young. They adopt all the new experiences, new words, new behavior which comes their way. A childs parents have a larger impression on his/her future. Early childhood learning is the basis of a childs lifelong journey. It proves to be beneficial for the development of a childs personality. It helps children learn cooperation and socialization in order to overcome their shyness and gain confidence (Bredekamp, 2016). Analysis of the Present Literacy Setting Early education given to children guides them to accept and appreciate the differences of the society and become accustomed with those. Children must understand that each and every person is special and unique in a specific way, in accordance with their culture, ethnicity and beliefs. This part of the report contains a brief analysis of the present literacy setting for childhood education, which is acquired after visiting classrooms and interviewing the educators (Brooks-Gunn, Berlin Fuligni, 2013). Shared Reading Program It is basically an interactive process of reading in which the educator and the children share a text and reads it. It helps in building the reading skills of a child, taking care of the accuracy and fluency. The educator reads out the text clearly and loudly, keeping in mind the reading speed, and the students repeat the sentences. It also helps in enhancing the students vocabulary which is beneficial for their future. Shared readings help the students gain knowledge and skills (Bruce, 2012). Reading Aloud Reading aloud is a specific process where the educators select a passage and ask the student to read it aloud in front of the whole class. This helps in building self confidence among the children and enhances their listening skills as well as out knowledge. Children become more attentive in class through this procedure. Teachers must also give stress on their pronunciation patterns (Calderon, 2012). Guided Reading It allows the educators to create small groups and differentiate those in order to deliver instructions of reading at each students particular level of reading. Reading aloud and shared readings are mainly done for the benefit of the entire class. Guided readings help in enhancing the behavioral skill of a student to a particular level (Campbell et al., 2012). Missing Word This procedure of the educators involves the strategy of knowingly removing some words from a particular paragraph or passage. The students are asked to identify the missing word and complete the sentence. This helps in engaging the students into analytical or problem solving behaviors, which in turn, enhances their reading and problem solving skills. This practice helps them from making spelling errors and knowing the right meaning of the sentences (Duhn, 2012). Enhancement of Vocabulary It is a part of balanced literary program which involves the student in decoding the meaning of each and every word. The educators read out difficult words and make the student understand the meanings of each and every word. Phonetically learning words helps in enhancing the students vocabulary and spelling power (Egan, 2012). Interactive Writing It is the process where the educators as well as the students write together. The teacher may write the introductory paragraph, on the other hand, students are asked to complete the paragraph as per their wish. This helps the students to enhance their creative and innovative skills and write according to their choices. It also gives a student full freedom to utilize his/her knowledge, thus promoting creativity (Essa, 2012). Reading Patterns In many pre schools and kindergartens, children are taught in the form of music and dance. It helps them enhance their memorizing power, as the words are repetitive and it runs in their minds. It is seen that children tend to learn more if they are taught in playful ways. Surveys have shown that, it helps children remember things more efficiently and effectively. They also enjoy this rhythmic style of learning; hence, it increases their knowledge and memorizing ability (Gordon Browne, 2013). Instructions to a better setting of Early Learning A balanced and comprehensive approach to early learning can help the children learn more efficiently. Essential procedures must be undertaken at schools and homes as well, in order to have a better setting of early learning. Many preschools lack the basic requirements which result in slow development of the childrens skills and knowledge. This section of the report discusses about the areas of improvement. Following are some instructions to a better setting of early learning (John Sons, 2014). Workshops Various workshops help in engaging the students parents. It helps them know the condition of their kids and how they are improving. The parents must be given a mini lesson on how to tackle their kids. Children must be given independent time to read in order to develop a specific strategy of reading. Parents should be interactive and playfully teach their kids, keeping in mind the childs psychology (McWayne et al., 2013). It should be kept in mind that children must have the opportunity to do what they love; otherwise they will become stubborn in nature. Similarly, they must be given their own time to write small paragraphs, which will help in enhancing their writing strategies and skills, stressing on their handwriting (Lascarides Hinitz, 2013). Disabilities Children with disabilities must be taken care from an early age. For example, parents of a deaf child must be affluent with sign languages, which will help the child in learning through natural processes. Parents and educators must be interactive in case of disabled children; otherwise their learning procedure gets hampered. It is to be taken care that they must not face any difficulty in the development of their language. Many a times, it is seen, that disabled children lack confidence. It is the duty of their parents and educators, to build-in the confidence in them, so that they do not feel left out. They must be given an early training of dealing with their incapability, but in a positive manner (Sandra, 2011). Health and Nutrition Children must also be given proper education on health and nutrition, in preschools and at their homes as well. It enhances their ability and desire for a healthy living in future. They must be given the basic trainings on hygiene and other physical activities for their well being. It is important to educate them at this early stage, regarding nutrition, hygiene, safety and prevention of diseases, in a playful manner (Spodek Saracho, 2014). Food experience Students must receive trainings on washing their hands before eating food. Moreover, they must acquire knowledge on healthy nutrition. For instance, preschools must organize picnics or events like, Fruit Friday, where the students must be encouraged on eating fruits and vegetables, letting them know the nutritional value of the fruits and vegetables which they will bring. Children will enjoy this process, at the same time; they will gain certain nutritional values. They must be given education on healthy as well as unhealthy foods, and the foods they should avoid. Furthermore, sharing of foods must be encouraged (Sandra, 2011). Group Work Children must be given group tasks or group projects to make them become cooperative with others. They must be encouraged in maintaining peace and harmony while performing a group task. They must have the opportunity to mix with each and every group which will enhance their learning procedure. Group works tend to be more beneficial as it helps a child share his/her goals with others (Lascarides Hinitz, 2013). Socialization As imparting education at an early age is a necessity, teaching them on how to socialize with people is equally important. Children must be taught regarding socialization with people other than his/her family, but in a safer environment. They must know to differentiate between safe and unsafe environment. The earlier it is done; the more likely it helps the child overcome his/her shyness and in turn gain self confidence. It also helps in their social development (Gordon Browne, 2013). Cooperation Children must be encouraged to cooperate with others, but in a safe environment for learning. This is more important for an elder child, who may neglect sharing things with his/her siblings. It is very crucial for them to learn these habits at an early stage. Parents need to take part in this, by teaching them proper behavior and etiquettes. It helps them enhance their cooperative skills and abilities (John Sons, 2014). Respect Children must be taught the value of respecting others at an early stage. This does not just mean their elder ones or relatives, but also includes the respect given to the environment, both global and intermediate. Preschools and kindergartens must teach them the value of respecting the environment as well, in order to civilize them and make them a better human being (Calderon, 2012). Respecting Diversity Valuing and respecting the differences and diversities is very crucial for the development of a child. Early childhood learning guides a child to accept and appreciate all the differences of the society and helps them become good and well rounded contributors of the society. Children must understand that every individual is unique in the way they are and they are special with their beliefs, ethnicity and culture. Preschools must teach these values in a playful manner, in order to make them grow as a better human being (Duhn, 2012). Conclusion To conclude, as adults, every day we encounter certain situations, which tests our patience. Children need certain opportunities to get involved in abundant social experiences, which will help them practice and explore the social skills of patience. This should be taught to the children through real life instances and experiences, which will help in developing their patience. Moreover, a sense of well being helps in providing the children with self confidence, self esteem and optimism, which in turn encourages them in exploring their own talents, interests and skills. Positive interactions help in promoting a healthy, secured and positive view of the children, which will allow and encourage them in approaching any situation and problem with utmost confidence all throughout their lives. During the preschool years, most of the children explore new ways and opportunities to discover fresh and new experiences, new environments and new friends. At this stage, the childrens minds are imaginative and lively, which must be encouraged in various ways. Therefore, an educator needs to take care of all these things in order to develop early childhood learning. It is the educators duty to provide challenging environment to the children, where they can gain knowledge through their real life experiences. They may experience tough situations or bruises or cuts, but this will make them strong. This will enable them to cope up with greater and tough challenges, they will face in life. References Ahmad, N. F., Esa, A. (2017). Early childhood education.Psychology, 47787-47789. Baquedano-Lpez, P., Alexander, R. A., Hernandez, S. J. (2013). Equity issues in parental and community involvement in schools: What teacher educators need to know.Review of Research in Education,37(1), 149-182. Bredekamp, S. (2016).Effective practices in early childhood education: Building a foundation. Boston: Pearson. Brooks-Gunn, J., Berlin, L. J., Fuligni, A. S. (2013). Early childhood intervention programs: What about the family?. Bruce, T. (2012).Early childhood education. Hachette UK. Calderon, R. (2012). Parental involvement in deaf children's education programs as a predictor of child's language, early reading, and social-emotional development.Journal of deaf studies and deaf education,5(2), 140-155. Campbell, F. A., Pungello, E. P., Burchinal, M., Kainz, K., Pan, Y., Wasik, B. H., ... Ramey, C. T. (2012). Adult outcomes as a function of an early childhood educational program: an Abecedarian Project follow-up.Developmental psychology,48(4), 1033. Duhn, I. (2012). Making placefor ecological sustainability in early childhood education.Environmental Education Research,18(1), 19-29. Egan, K. (2012).Primary understanding: Education in early childhood(Vol. 27). Routledge. Essa, E. L. (2012).Introduction to early childhood education. Cengage Learning. Gordon, A. M., Browne, K. W. (2013).Beginnings beyond: Foundations in early childhood education. Cengage learning. John, W., Sons, (2014). Reproduction and Communication for educational purposes. In 2014, National Library of Australia, (pp. 97-125) Lascarides, V. C., Hinitz, B. F. (2013).History of early childhood education(Vol. 982). Routledge. McWayne, C., Downer, J. T., Campos, R., Harris, R. D. (2013). Father involvement during early childhood and its association with children's early learning: A meta-analysis.Early Education Development,24(6), 898-922. Sandra, H., (2011). A Contested Space: the dialogic intersection of ICT, multiliteracies, and early childhood. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood,12(4), 349-359. Spodek, B., Saracho, O. N. (2014).Handbook of research on the education of young children. Routledge.

Americanization of Sports in the Late Essay Example

Americanization of Sports in the Late Paper American sports are American because they are a reflection of societal values and cultural norms during the rise of an industrialization America. These recreational activities became popular economic enterprises with specializing labor roles, set rules comparable to the standard workplace protocol in other industries at the time, and were intentionally civilized in such a way that they became more profitable for those in charge. This civilizing also meant a specialization of labor as many athletes became more professional with Irreplaceable skills. American sports In the late 19th entry are reflective of greater historical trends regarding Industrialization. American sports became American over the late 19th century by gradually integrating rising class values into the creation of sporting rules and practice. The urban and extensively diverse atmosphere in which popular sports developed necessitated Americanize them in such a way that sporting rules became cohesive with the exclusive class values of participants so that they opposed non- native culture and benefited the social group of the rule-makers. American sports re competitive, and thus leaving something to be gained, were inherently both profitable and popular, thus presenting fine arenas for a communication of the participants and practices by a leisure class. The American mentality that was present during the late sasss was a rise in nativity. Sports that played upon class tensions were popular due to their popularizing and often violent nature. This is evident through the class confrontations In breakneck fighting. We will write a custom essay sample on Americanization of Sports in the Late specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Americanization of Sports in the Late specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Americanization of Sports in the Late specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When John L. Sullivan fought Jake Klan In the last of the gloveless confrontations In 1889, Klan as represented as a favored native due to his American identity. Sullivan had Irish ancestry and although surely not every bit of money was bet by spectators on fighters who were not of their ethnicity, but the match was primarily polarize . For both the participants and the spectators, boxing offered an appropriate window to play out sometimes violent class tensions in an equal and fair way. American sports became more American by gradually excluding African Americans from the world of white privilege, as It had previously been an avenue for self-determination and social mobility. Prior to the rise of Jim Crow and exclusive policies, athletes like Tom Monolingual, for example, had used the realm of sport to fight all over the world in the late sasss and make a decent living doing ITIL . However his race certainly was a barrier to his success in the united States, as white boxers practically forced him to move to Europe through a communal unspoken policy regarding black athletes. The use of sport as a social tool also remained available to Isaac Murphy, a black Jockey, who arguably was one of the most influential black athletes in the mid- 1 asss and the asss, racing in events like the Kentucky Derby and other notorious events. He was systematically pushed out of the sport however by white Jockeys who frequently boxed him in on the race track. Hitting him with their whips. This was an intentional action done by The Jockey Association to slow down Murphys practical assimilation Into white social culture through making an example of his race on the track. At ten turn AT ten TNT century Ana at ten real plane AT developments In ten specialization of labor, both the professional athlete and the average middle-class rocker had specific Job specifications. The pinnacle of Jim Crow however arises in the exclusion of African Americans as a kind of specialization of labor, that is, white athletes wanted to equate race with the ability to do anything specialized at all. Jack Johnson had to wait until Jim Jiffies accepted his challenge, as nobody was going to facilitate the fight without Jiffies approval anyway. Andrews, Matthew. The Manly Art. Lecture , September 9, 2014. 2 Andrews, Matthew. Black Athletes in the Age of Jim Crow. Lecture September 16, 2014. While Johnson inevitably won the fight, black players became marginalia for their skin color due to commonly held racist ideals about what kind of athletics spectators, coaches, and other white players wished to eliminate and augment in the group dynamics. Industrialization was a time of uncertainty not only for the everyday worker but also for the professional athlete himself. Just as danger and unstable Job conditions surrounded industrial labor, baseball players could be working one day and on the street the next. As the athlete became a commodity in the eyes of professional assessable managers around the turn of the 20th century, there was a gradual development of strategies utilized to take advantage of the infrastructure of sports like baseball that were greatly expanding opportunities for athletic employ due to their increasing popularity. This led to professional players exhibitionist themselves to play for multiple teams and in multiple games. This increase lends explanation to how sports like baseball, initially an exercise, and then a hobby for middle-class white-collar males allowed them to embody the American and capitalist spirit and lay baseball full-time. Baseball players celebrated upsetting the social hierarchy by throwing games, constant rotation of skilled players between teams, and the taking of money from bribes or payment from team owners and investors. The nature of general labor for the majority of Americans during the Progressive Era was brutal and offered little social determination. The degree to which baseball players reveled in the intense degree of control the group cumulatively had to manipulate the efficacy of the game. The same can be said for the rising popularity of American football. Theodore Roosevelt for example paralleled moral notions of muscular Christianity in football with the work ethic of the industrial working linen. While work ethic and personal ability was significant to being a part of a professional 3 Andrews, Matthew. The Game of Baseball. Lecture , September 2, 2014. 4 Andrews, Matthew. College Football and the Strenuous Life. Lecture , September 1 1, 2014. Sports team, like many of the industrial Jobs at the time, there was a communication going on at the time in terms of the labor of production, or more amateur baseball layers in urban centers that could replace and continue to saturate the baseball market for the sake of the team-owner and for the spectators. In other words, the skill of players was important, but it was arbitrary s ince baseball was such a new phenomenon, spectators Just wanted to watch people play. I en sequence AT Great White Hopes like Jiffies is referred to in the Jack Johnson article for example as a discussion of some sort of continually oppressive sequence of forces opposing black people. It didnt matter if it was Jiffies or any other individual; there were always ongoing to be more bodies to fight the battles and preoccupy those intrigued by racial tensions. Communication was also evident in the rising ticket prices and how that affected the types of people that could afford to attend more expensive athletic events. According to professor Andrews, the rising ticket prices kept out the riff-raff and offered a safe and clean environment for the middle and leisure classes to enjoy a sports. This notion of cleaning up the sport and paired with the communication of players truly displays how the marketing of baseball and players themselves was coming more important than the ability of the individual player. The media blew up match-ups (a lot like they do today) as they were the primary form of advertisement and the sole form of information after the game that some Americans would come in to contact with. It was important for a baseball club, Just like any other business of the time, to differentiate themselves based on the personal quality of their players since moral games were desirable outings to attend. Much like attending the opera, ballet or any sort of presumably classics event, porting events and the fan-fare that surrounded them were utilized by the upper class to conspicuously 5 BACK TO FARM FOR JIFFIES: He Will Never Enter the penne Ring Again. Still Dazed From His Beating, Jiffies Returns to His Camp and Is Comforted by Weeping Wife and His Many Friends. UNC Chapel Hill Libraries. The Chicago Tribune, 5 July 1910. Web. 16 Septet. 2014. 6 Andrews, Matthew. The Business of Baseball. Lecture , September 4, 2014. Display wealth and illustrate the differences between commoners and the attending elites. The displays of wealth were not only meant to make statements to the urban or who starkly opposed the wealthy through their sporting mannerisms, but they were intended to also put the athlete in their place. Athletes performances were commonly the grounds of gambling, entertainment, and otherwise the social field through which the elite interacted. While Jockeys competed in the Kentucky derby, the leisure class rested in the stands while relaxing in fine garments. Upper class elites Joined social and athletic clubs to not only exercise themselves, but to enjoy watching skilled boxers fight and spars. There are several things, although minor, hat undermined the American identity of fundamentally native sports. It was often advocated that Americans should take up sports and reject alcoholism and immoral behavior, yet many American athletes at this time, like Jim Jiffies, dealt with problems regarding substance and domestic abuse. In the Jack Johnson article, Jiffies is described as being out of good form due to these issues, lacking speed, and overall Just being old, thus indicating the degree to which this sort of immoral behavior did not belong in the sporting realm. The Americanism of native sport is further undermined regarding the origins of any games and athletic practices that Americans favored during the time period. Sports like baseball for example, had ostensibly native roots in evidence of the statically Ana ease games played In Tiny century England one could argue never, that the addition of certain rules were significant to Americans determining their individuality by renovating old forms of sport. For example, the idea of adding a line of scrimmage to American football as a way to civilize English Mob football is significant and exemplary of the ways that the game symbolically and 7 Andrews, Matthew. Sport and 100% Americanism. Lecture , September 23, 2014. Eternally balanced in a rule-based fashion that was favored by Americans. In conclusion the ways in which the communication of the American athlete and the specialization of his identity during the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, is a lens through which to understand something more about the ways that American society thought about civilizing sports. This was done by integrating rules that equated to class values in order to create spheres of interaction for the leisure class to both profit and be entertained by the sporting arena.

Quality Control Measures at Benue Breweries Limited, Makurdi

Quality Control Measures at Benue Breweries Limited, Makurdi Free Online Research Papers A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, MAKURDI, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN INDUSTRIAL PHYSICS APRIL, 2010? DECLARATION I declare that this project work is my original work and has not been previously submitted for any degree to any university or similar institution. . EGWUATU FELIX IKECHUKWU DATE CERTIFICATION This to certify that this project is an original work carried out by EGWUATU FELIX IKECHUKWU, with the registration number UE/9400/06 under the supervision of Prof, E.H. AGBA in the Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Makurdi and meets the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science Honors in Industrial Physics .. Prof. E.H. AGBA DATE PROJECT SUPERVISOR . Dr. A.N. AMAH DATE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT .. . EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to the Almighty God the giver of all good things, who has given me the inspiration and zeal that saw me through this programme and also to my uncle Late Mr. Ejike Callistus Okwegba who is no longer here to witness how mighty the little seed he sow has turned out to be. ACKNOWLEGEMENT I wish to express my immense gratitude to the Almighty God, the giver of all knowledge and the protector who has guided me throughout the period of my programme and has made it possible for me to successfully carry out this project. Also my profound gratitude goes to my parents Sir. Felix .N. Egwuatu and Lady Bridget Egwuatu for their fervent prayers, good parental upbringing, supports and above all for all the love they shower upon me all my life. I am also indebted to my siblings Mrs. Ogochukwu Okogba, Mrs. Chinyere Ekeh, Kenechukwu, Somtochukwu, Chukwuebuka, and Nzubechukwu Egwuatu and to my uncles and aunts Mrs. Benedette Oforah, Miss Maria Egwuatu, Mr Mrs. Richard Egwuatu, Mr Mrs. Jerome Egwuatu, late Mr Ejike Okwegba, Rev. Sr. Pat Okwegba, and to my in-law Lt. M.C. Okogba, to my nieces Uzoma and Chinwe Okogba and Omasilichukwu Ekeh and to my cousins, Ijeoma Ikala, Ekenedilichukwu, Chioma ,Chika, Chukwuma and Onyebuchi Oforah and to my best friend Jane Onwunumagha for their pra yers, care and supports. Many thanks to my H.O.D Dr. A.N. Amah, my project supervisor Prof. E.H Agba and all the lecturers in the department who with their individual efforts have helped me to achieve my goals. My appreciation goes to my mentors Late Eng. J.L.C. Ifem, Late Mr. Ephraim Akwuaka, Mrs. Akwuaka, Mrs. L.N. Tse (Ag. Registrar Uni-Agric, Makurdi) and Mrs. Asoh ( Quality control manager, bbl, Makurdi) for their efforts and supports towards my education and to my coursemates most especially Cosmas Agbo, Ejegwoya Peter Ogah (Odinga), Amuzie Chimex Tsev Terkimbi, Olusegun Ishola, Udeh Inalegwu, Davis Onojason, and Lawal Joseph. I pray that the Almighty God will reward you all accordingly. ABSTRACT The importance of quality has been long recognized in the manufacturing environment in order to obtain or manufacture higher quality products. In manufacturing environment, quality improves reliability, increases productivity and customer satisfaction. Quality in manufacturing requires the practices of quality control. This research work addresses the study on quality control in Benue Brewery Limited (bbl) makers of more lager beer. The case study involves measurement of some randomly selected finished products (more lager beer). This work focuses on result of the physical measurement of the products (volume content) from the company which were analyzed using some Statistical Quality Control tools. Included are Descriptive statistics (mean and range), Acceptance sampling and Control chart for variables (mean chart and range chart).Based on the findings of the work none of the plotted values in fig.4.1 and fig.4.2 went out of the control limits (upper and lower) rather clustered round the centre lines which shows that the production is under control and it can be said that the machines are functioning properly. ? TABLE OF CONTENT Content Page Title Page: i Declaration: ii Certification: iii Dedication; iv Acknowledgement v Abstract: vi Table of Contents: vii List of Figures: x List of Tables: xi CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Study: 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem: 6 1.3 Objective of the Study: 6 1.4 Significance of the Study: 7 1.5 Scope of Study: 8 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Review: 9 2.2 Overview: 9 2.3 History of Quality Control: 14 2.4 Quality Assurance: 15 2.5 Statistical Quality Control: 17 2.6 Components of Quality Control: 18 2.7. Implementation of Quality Control: 20 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY 22 3.1 Method of Data Collection: 22 3.2 Method of Data Analysis: 23 3.3 Measurement of the volume content of the bottles: 28 3.4 Problems and Limitation of Data Collection: 29 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DATA PRESENTATION, CALCULATION AND DISCUSION 31 4.1 Data Presentation and Calculation. 31 4.2 Discussion: 47 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 49 5.1 Conclusion 49 5.2 Recommendation 50 REFERENCES: 52 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Typical steps of quality control: 16 2.2 Typical steps of quality assurance 16 4.1. The Mean Control Chart: 45 4.2 The Range Chart 47 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1: Raw data distribution table: 32 4.2: Mean-Range distribution table 42 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study Quality control (QC) being one of the prominent activities employed to ensure a certain level of quality in a product or service, has emerged as a prime engine and an important factor for any successful industry operating in today’s highly competitive business environment. However, the industries in the developing countries that are problem oriented in terms of competition in the market are also adopting the concepts and techniques of quality control in their various business strategies. Interestingly, businesses in Nigeria are beginning to realize the importance and adopting the concepts of quality control to achieve excellence and effectiveness in their products and services. Manufacturing industries for example are taking the lead in adopting and implementing the contemporary quality control to optimum advantage. Quality control is a topic pioneered by manufacturing sectors. Nowadays the field has developed tremendously and its techniques, tools, concepts and methodologies can be applied widely in both sides service and manufacturing sectors. There are wide available techniques to control product or process quality. Among them are statistical process control (SPC) tools, acceptance sampling, fail mode and effects analysis (FMEA), six sigma, design of experiments (DoE). Quality has become a decisive factor in attracting customers. Quality can be defined as fulfilling specification or customer’s requirement, without any defect. A product is said to be high in quality if it is functioning as expected and reliable. Quality control is an activity to ensure that items are fulfilling these criteria. Most of tools and techniques to control quality are statistical techniques. Quality control techniques can be classified into basic, intermediate and advance level, but there is no consensus among researchers in the classification. For example, Xie and Goh (1999) regard DoE as an intermediate level technique whereas Antony et al (1998) classified the techniques as advanced. Nevertheless, the content is more important than classification. Among, the basic techniques are Statistical Process Control (SPC). SPC is a statistical approach for assisting operators, supervisors and managers to manage quality and eliminate special cases of variability in a process (Oakland 2003). The initial role of SPC is to prevent product or process deterioration rather identifying product or process deterioration, but Xie and Goh (1999) suggest for its new role to actively identifying opportunity for improvement. Fail Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a powerful method to detect where exactly problems can occur and prioritize possible problems in order of their severity (Dale et al, 2003). The tool is useful to identify problems in product, i.e. design FMEA as well as to troubleshoot problems in process, i.e. process FMEA (Xie and Goh 1999). Six-sigma is also a statistical tool for ensuring defect free products through process continuous improvement (CI). The term Six-Sigma originated at Motorola and many organizations have set goal towards a six sigma level of performance (Breyfogle and Cupello 2001). The application of six-sigma has been mainly used in manufacturing industry. An example of the use of six-sigma in non manufacturing industry is in software development (Mahanti and Antony 2005) Process Capability study is an efficient method to examine the capability of a process to produce items that meet specifications. The method gains rapid growing interest due to increased use of quality system QS9000, where use of process capability studies is requested (Deleryd et al, 2009). The findings from capability study might need adjustment of process using other statistical techniques such as SPC or DoE. Capability studies conducted Motorcu and Gullu (2004) and Srikaeo et al (2005) show that the machine tool and process capability and production stability was evaluated and necessary steps to reduce poor quality production was carried out using other statistical techniques. Acceptance Sampling is another statistical technique to make a decision whether to accept or reject a lot based on the information from the sample. The application of acceptance sampling allows industries to minimize product destruction during inspection and testing and to increase inspection quality and effectiveness. The application of acceptance has been mainly used in manufacturing industry. Similarly, its application in non manufacturing industry is widely reported such as. Quality control is the activity we use to manage our businesses. It is based on integrating quality principles into everything we do, it has the power to direct and process our efforts and ensure that we meet the needs of our customers, employees and communities at large. Thus the philosophy underlying the implementation of quality control strategy is for the company or organization to see customers and clients as the vital key to their company’s success. It means that companies with quality control concepts see their (corporate performance and productivity) through the eyes of their customers and clients and then measure them against customer/client expectations. Such company will serve the customers best by providing quality goods and services. The predominant notion of such company is not how to make initial profit, but to give quality service to their customer. It should, however, be borne in mind that implementing quality control concept and techniques require substantial measurement and considerable survey and research. In other words, it implies that to improve quality, company or organization must regularly carry-out research or survey to evaluate products and services. The concept of quality as we think of it now first emerged out of industrial revolution. Decades, have witnessed rapid development of some concepts and principles along this line. The history of quality control is undoubtedly as old as industry. During the middle ages, quality was to large extent controlled by the long period of training and development required by the guilds. This training instilled pride in workers for quality of a product. When the concept of specialization was introduced during the industrial revolution, workers found that they no longer made their entire product only a portion and this change brought about decline in workmanship because most products manufactured during the period were not complicated. But as products became more complicated and jobs more specialized, it became necessary to inspect products after manufacturing. In 1924, Schewhart of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a statistical chart for control of product variables and this was considered to be the beginning of statistical quality control (SQC). Later in the same decade, H.F Dodge and H.G Roming, both of Bell Telephone Laboratories, developed the area of acceptance sampling a substitute for 100% inspection. In 1946, the American Society for Quality was formed. This organization through its publications, conferences and training sessions prompted the use of quality for all types of productions and services. In 1950, Edwards Deming, who learned statistical control from Schwart, gave a series of lectures on statistical methods to Japanese engineers and on quality responsibility to Chief Executive Officers of the largest organizations in Japan. Also in 1954, Joseph Juran made his first trip to Japan and further emphasized management’s responsibility to achieve quality. Using these concepts Japanese set the quality standards for the rest of the world to follow. This resulted in the formation of the first quality control circle in Japan by 1960 for the purpose of quality improvement using simple statistical techniques. By late 1970s and early 1980s US managers were making frequent trips to Japan to learn about the Japanese miracle. Here in Nigeria, Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) is one of the public agencies established by the government whose aim is for the welfare of the consumers. It is formed for the purpose of ensuring that products and services conform to certain specified standard. It stipulates quality, weights and measures that must be conformed by business. 1.2 Statement of the problem. This research work is carried with main aim of evaluating quality control measures on productivity in Benue Brewery Limited (bbl). An appropriate quality control measure is not just to identify or flags those factors that could directly affect the quality of goods and services but also to maintain an environment in which all employees are empowered to participate as a team in determining, assuring, measuring and improving the quality of the organization. It includes the use of facts and data gathered from the research survey to implement quality control philosophy with overall aim of increasing customers’ satisfaction and profitability. Thus, the basic philosophy of quality control will be examined in detailed and their interplay in having total quality. Upon examination of these problems, suggestions and recommendations will be made based on result of findings emerging from tested steps. 1.3 Objectives of study. Since, there are a lot of competitions in the brewery industries here in Nigeria and in order to stay in the struggle, they have no other option other than to adopt and implement quality control measures in all the activities of their industries which will also give rise to the amount of profits they make. The objective of the study includes: Evaluation of impact of quality control measures on production at bbl. Evaluation of process of production at bbl and make recommendation on how best to implement quality control in order to enhance productivity and also recommend which measures to be taken. 1.4. Significance of the study. The significance of this research work stems from impact and importance of quality control on productivity. Since most industries in Nigeria are being limited as a result of management techniques and skills from the large reservoir of potentials and existing materials that would aid success in the industry. This research is very significant as proper and adequate applications of sound measures will yield high corporate performance and productivity. This research will therefore reveal most important information about quality control, its techniques and concepts and also proffer some useful information to industries or individuals etc. that would like to implement it. It is also hoped that this research will stimulate industries to re-examine its management policies, techniques and measures by embracing quality control towards improving their corporate performance and productivity. 1.5. Scopes and limitations of the study. In this research, the scope is limited to evaluating the impact of quality control on the process of production in manufacturing industry. This research shall focus on the volume content of the products produce in Benue Brewery Limited (bbl) as a case study. It is a company that engaged in the production beer (more lager beer) CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW. 2.1 Review. The world economy has undergone rapid changes during the past two decades with the advent of global competition to an extent that almost every company (large or small) is touched by it in some ways. As creativity and innovation are necessary for bringing forth the change required to obtain competitive advantage, quality is the most effective factor a company or organization can use in the battle for customers/ clients. To be competitive, the customers must be satisfied and to satisfy the customers we must focus on quality. Quality control provides the philosophy and driving force for designing quality in order to delight the customers by focusing on best value of a company’s products and services. 2.2 Overview of quality control. Quality control is those activities and techniques used to achieve and maintain a high standard of quality in a transformation process. They may include systematic inspection of inputs and outputs, or a sample of input and output at various stages in their transformation to ensure that acceptable tolerances are not being exceeded. They may also involve a statistical analysis of data produced by the sampling (particularly in line production), benchmarking, continuous improvement (CI) and supplier partnering. In this case, in traditional organizations, management has to balance the costs incurred against the customers’ goodwill. Quality control is also concerned with finding and eliminating the causes of quality problems. Since quality control deals with quality of products and services, it seems important that the first step towards understanding the meaning of the phrase would require an understanding of the word quality. The word quality is often used to describe goods and services. Quality can be defined as a measure of the degree to which a particular product or service satisfies customers expectations with respect to tangible and intangible features of the product or service. However, Andrew .J. Marlow (2006) view quality as integral part of all products including services. It is an important consumer decision criterion in selecting among competitive products. Deming (1986) saw quality as aiming at the needs of the customers (present and future). Robert Kotler (1994) view a product’s quality as the ability to perform its functions. It includes the product’s overall durability, reliability, precision, ease of operation and repairs and other valued attributes. Although, some of these attributes can be measured objectively from marketing point of view, but quality should be measured in terms of buyers’ perception. Sullivan (1986) showed evidence on this issue when he defined seven stages of quality in Japan in order of increasing level of quality to include: product oriented, process oriented, system oriented, humanistic, society, cost oriented and quality function deployment (QFD). Juran defined quality as fitness for purpose. While Cro sby (1979) saw quality primarily as conformance to requirement. Broh (1982) defined quality as the degree of excellence at an acceptable price and control of variability at an acceptable cost. However, quality improvement has become the key factor for the success and growth of any business organization. Investment on quality improvement gives rich returns. Japan is the best example. There are many different ways in which quality can be approached, so one might wonder which one is the best for technical documentation. Unfortunately, there is no simple answer because quality is relative. It depends not only on the subject matter, but also on perceptions of quality from different view point. A company’s executive board might approach quality in terms of valve for money. They want technical documentation that can be produced quickly and cheaply. An engineer’s approach to quality might be one expressed in terms of technical accuracy and completeness. All approaches to quality can be combined to create a system from whichever angle you choose to implement a quality control system. You should start with the following plan: Have a clear definition of what is to be achieved and when (typically identified in the content of specification and project plan) Be clear about the activities and functions that are needed to be performed (which can be documented as codes of practice) Implement a control system in which activities, functions and outcomes can be monitored and, if necessary revised Unfortunately, like as said earlier, most of these definitions are subjective. Although the manufacturing-base and product-base approaches are objective, quality has to be defined by the company or organization concerned. Having agreed that quality is a necessary prerequisite for any company operating in today’s highly competitive business environment, it is therefore, implied that as quality varies from one company to another, it also dependent on their mission, policy and other elements that guide the company in the realization of its corporate goals. It is therefore, a common knowledge that in the manufacturing sector, quality is everything essentially, it is the product. From an institutional point of view, quality control can cover not just products, services and processes, but also people. It also maintains environment in which all employees are empowered to participate as a team in determining, measuring and improving quality of a company. It involves the examination of a product, service or process for certain minimum levels of quality. The main aim is to identify products or services that do not meet a company’s specified standard of quality and also to use facts and data to implement measure with the overall aim of increasing customers’ satisfaction, profitability and job satisfaction. According, to ISO 9000(International Organization for Standard), quality control is the operational techniques and activities that are used to fulfill requirements for quality. Adsit, D. (2007) defined quality control as the most necessary inspection control of all in cases where, despite statistical control techniques or quality improvements implemented, sales decrease. He further opined that if the original specification does not reflect the correct quality requirements quality control be inspected or manufactured into the product. Deming (1950), fourteen points that inspecting product for quality after they were manufactured was unacceptable. Instead, he proposed a process known as statistical quality control (SQC) that would use closely monitored performance measures to gauge quality as a product was being manufactured. Quality control may include whatever actions a business deems necessary to provide for control and verification of certain characteristics of a product or service. The basic goal of quality control is to ensure that the products, services or processes provided meet specific requirements and are dependable, satisfactory and fiscally sound. Essentially, quality control involves the examination of a product, service or process for certain minimum levels of quality. The goal of quality team is to identify products or services that not meet the company’s specified standards of quality. If a problem is identified, the job of a quality control team or professional may involve stopping production temporarily depending on the particular service or product, as well as the type of problem identified, production or implementation may not cease entirely. Usually, it is not just the job of a quality control team or professional to correct quality issues, typically, other individuals are involved in the process of discovering the cause of quality issues and fixing them. Once such problems are overcome, the product, service or process continues production or implementation as usual. As stated earlier, quality control can cover not just products, services or processes but also employees, because employees are an important part of any company/organization. If a company has employees that don’t have adequate skills, training, have trouble understanding directions or are misinformed, quality may severely diminished. When quality control is considered in terms of human beings, it concerns correctable issues. However, it should not be confused with human resources issues 2.3 The history of quality control. The Japanese were the first to adopt Deming’s fourteen points with great success. As an example, Deming learned of one Japanese factory that doubled production in just one year and was expecting to gain an additional twenty percent improvement the following year, with no increase in the amount of hours worked. All this occurred as a result of simply improving quality. What is most significant about this achievement is the year it happened 1951 many American and European companies chose to ignore these dramatic results and nearly perished as a result. Critics contend that the time American manufacturing plants realized that quality control was a significant issue, it was in late 1970s and Japanese firms such as Honda and Sony were taking over large portion of the American consumer market. In 1990s, most American firms have embraced quality control practices. Analysts indicate that when firms first began adopting these principles, many went too far, becoming bogged down in quality control charts and measurements of inconsequential operating factors. In too many cases, American industries went from ignoring statistical quality control (SQC) to applying it to every single facet of a business, no matter how small. This overemphasis quickly disappeared, however and has been replaced by a commitment to overall quality control that is unprecedented. Because Japan has been practicing quality management since 1950s, they are the leader in producing quality products in a number of industries and are still the role for American companies to emulate. For example, a study of â€Å"air conditioning industry in the early 1990s found that the worst Japanese air conditioning plant had an error rate that was less than one half of the best American company. And this drastic difference is largely due to the Japanese adherence to one of Deming’s most important idea that quality should be, â€Å"designed into† a product instead of â€Å"inspected out†. Japanese firms treat suppliers as equal, sharing information with them as if the suppliers were an internal department of the company. This ensured that quality is already a part of the product before it is even manufactured. 2.4 Quality assurance (QA). Quality assurance is all those planned and systematic activities implement to provide adequate confidence that an entity will fulfill requirements for quality. Often, quality control is confused with quality assurance. Though the two are very similar, there are some basic differences. Quality control is concerned with the product while quality assurance is process- oriented. Even with such a clear cut difference defined, identifying the difference between the two can be hard. Basically, quality control involves evaluating a product, activity, process or service. By contrast quality assurance is designed to make sure processes are sufficient to meet objectives. Simply put, quality assurance ensures a product or service is manufactured, created or produced in the right way while quality control evaluates whether or not the end result is satisfactory. The objective of quality assurance is not just to reject defective products, but to systematically investigate the causes of defects so that they can be eliminated. The figures below show the systematic diagrams of steps utilized by quality control and quality assurance in solving problems and how the two relates with each other. Fig.2.1 Typical quality control steps Fig.2.2 Typical quality assurance steps Difference between quality control and quality assurance Quality control Quality assurance Product Process Reactive Proactive Line function Staff function Find defects Prevent defects 2.5 Statistical quality control (SQC). Statistical quality control is use to describe the set of statistical tools used by quality professionals to tackle quality issues. Descriptive statistics. They are used to describe quality characteristics and relationship. Included are statistics such as: the mean, standard deviation, the range and a measure of the distribution data. Statistical process control (SPC). This involves inspecting a random sample of the output from a process and deciding whether the process is producing products with characteristics that fall within a predetermined range. SPC answers the question of whether the process is functioning properly or not. Acceptance sampling. This is the process of randomly inspecting a sample of goods and deciding whether to accept the entire lot based on the results. Acceptance sampling determines whether a batch of goods should be accepted or rejected. All three of these statistical quality control categories are helpful in measuring and evaluating the quality of products or services. 2.6 Components of quality control. These are the key components of quality control that were preached by Deming and practiced by the Japanese. a. Benchmarking It is a continuous process of measuring products, services and practices against your strongest competitors. It means using the best companies as the yardstick against which your company measures itself. If your company comes up short, then improvements must be made to ensure that your products are just as high in quality as those of your competitor. To successful benchmark, a company must first look closely at its own practices and conduct a rigorous self assessment once that self assessment is completed, the company has a good idea of where it stands on quality issues and can successfully compare itself to other companies. The self assessment must be honest and thorough. It should identify weaknesses, but should also highlight the strengths. Improving weaknesses that are identified should be tied to state company strategic aims. b Supplier Partnering. This is an increasingly common practice in the United States. Simply put, it means that manufacturers work directly with their parts and component suppliers to improve quality at the supplier’s location. This can involve direct participation in the supplier’s operations. That is, staff from the manufacturers might work on site at the supplier’s office or provide technical assistance and equipment or simply a very close working relationship rather than a simple business transaction between two unrelated companies. c Continuous Improvement (CI). This is a method for improving every facet of a company’s operations and increasing competitiveness by developing a company’s resources. The improvement can involve many goals producing products zero defects or achieving 100 percent customer satisfaction but CI has the same basic principles no matter what the goal Involve the entire company at all levels Find savings by improving existing processes, not by investing more money Gather data about company operations and quantify that data, which becomes the baseline against which improvements will be measured Do not forget that common sense is perhaps the most important component of CI Do not just give lip service to improvement-implement or practice ideas. d Quality Circle. It originates from Japan in 1962, and was introduced in United States in the early1970s. By the mid 1970s thousands of manufacturing plants, banks, hospitals and government agencies had implemented it. A circle consists of 3-12 employees from a given department and a representative of management. They meet on regular basis on company time to examine a limited range of issues related to department, identify and analyze problems and propose solutions. The focus of the circles is on improving of both the quality of the product and the product process. The members may consist of operators, supervisors, managers and so on. A good quality circle tries to overcome barriers that may exist within the prevailing organizational structure so as to foster an open exchange of ideas. The group members feels a sense of insolvent in the decision making process and develop a positive attitude towards creating a better product or service. 2.7 Implementation of Quality Control The expected stumbling blocks in implementing quality control come from the technical aspects of the tools (Grigg and Walls 1999). Therefore, the applications of quality control techniques require knowledge and training. Sufficient exposure to quality concepts and technical ability need to be considered to ensure that quality control activities are really efficient. This is particularly important if the industry intends to try new quality control or implement a quite complex and tedious quality control. The training does not only give important information and knowledge to workers but also build confidence and acceptance from them. ? CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Method of Data Collection. In the course of this project work, due to time and financial problems, the population of the study is limited to Benue Breweries Limited (bbl), Makurdi Benue State, makers of more lager beer. Data collection method used is Random sampling method. Random sampling method which is the purest form of probability sampling, probability in the sense that each member of the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected. The reason for choosing this method is to allow each member of the population equal and known chance of being selected. Data were collected on daily basis for four consecutive days, with each day twenty-five bottles were selected. The main aim of using this procedure is to allow the products and production process to be well monitored in order to make good decision, because a situation whereby on ‘Day 1’ production process could be excellent while the following day may encounter some shortcomings which may be due to mal-functioning of the machines or faults, that is to say any decision taken based on the ‘Day1’ will continue to affect the quality of production process in this company until proper inspection is carried out. And also the choice of this procedure is to help reduce the cost incurred. After each day collection, each sample is measured and recorded for the four consecutive days after which they will be analyzed. 3.2 Method of Data Analysis. The data analysis was based on the data collected from bbl for the four consecutive days which were represented in a distribution table in chapter four of this work. The data collected were processed and interpreted using some Statistical Quality Control (SQC). They are: Descriptive Statistics. They are use to describe quality characteristics. They will be used to compute the data collected which will also be used to compute both the Upper Control Limited (UCL) and the Lower Control Limit (LCL) and also the Centre line used in both mean and range control charts. The descriptive statistics that will be used in chapter four in analyzing the data collected are mean and range. The Mean. It measures the central tendency of a set of data. It is defined as the sum of all observation divided by the total number of observations. It is given by: X = ?_(i=1)^n?X i 3.1a n X = the mean of the sample. Xi = observation i, i = 1, 2, 3†¦n. n= the number of observation. In the course of this research work, in chapter four, the mean of each sample number was first calculated after which the average of the mean of the samples was calculated which was used as the centre line of the mean control chart. The average of the sample means is given by, W/E=E/RT X = ?_(i=1)^nX/n ? 3.1b n X = the average of the sample means. X = the mean of the samples. n = the number of observation. The Range. It measures the difference between the largest and the smallest observation. In the course of this research work, in chapter four, the mean of the sample range was used to compute both the Upper Control Limited (UCL) and the Lower Control Limit (LCL) of both the mean and range control charts. While the mean of the total sample ranges gives the Centre Line (CL) used in range control chart. The range is given by. R = XL XS 3.2a R = the range of a sample XL = the largest observation of a sample. XS = the smallest observation of a sample. The mean of the sample ranges is given by R = ?_(i=1)^n?R 3.2b n R = the mean of the total sample range. R = the range of a sample. n = the total of the sample. a Acceptance Sampling. It is a method used to make a decision as to whether to accept or to reject lots based on inspection of samples. The objective is not to control or estimate the quality of lots, only to pass a judgment on lots. It is adopted in order to reduce the cost incurred due to product destruction during inspection and testing. b Control Chart. A control chart (also called process chart or quality control chart) is a graph that shows whether a sample of data falls within the common or normal range of variation. It has upper and lower control limits that separate common from assignable causes of variation. We say that a process is out of control when a plot of data reveals that one or more samples fall outside the control limits. The x axis represents samples (#1, #2, #3, and #4) taken from the process over time while the y axis represents the quality characteristic that is being monitored (milliliter of liquid). The center line (CL) of the control chart is the mean, or average, of the quality characteristic that is being measured. The upper control limit (UCL) is the maximum acceptable variation from the mean for a process that is in a state of control. Similarly, the lower control limit (LCL) is the minimum acceptable variation from the mean for a process that is in a state of control. In the course of this research work control charts for variables (mean and range charts) are used because they are use to monitor characteristics that can be measured and have a continuous scale (such as weight or volume), in which volume content of the bottles is the major concern of this research work. In the mean chart(X-bar chart), the sample means are plotted in order to control the mean of a variable (volume) and also to detect any shift in the mean of product, while in the range (R-chart), the sample ranges are plotted in order to control variability of a variable and also to detect any shift in the dispersion. The reason for using both of the charts together were both the mean and the variation (spread) has to be under control. For computing both the upper and lower limit of mean chart is given by the below equations: Lower Control Limit (LCL) = X – A2 R 3.3a Upper Control Limit (UCL) = X +A2 R 3.3b X = the average of the sample means. R = the mean of the sample ranges. A2 = factor for control limit and has value equal to 0.73 for sample size n = 4. The Center Line (CL) is given by the average of the sample means= X For computing both the upper and lower limit of range chart is given by the below equations: Lower Control Limit (LCL) = D3 R 3.3a Upper Control Limit (UCL) = D4 R 3.3b R = the mean of the sample ranges. D3 and D4 = factors for control limit and have values equal to 0 and 2.282 respectively. 3.3 Measurement of the volume content of the bottles. In order to understand the whole processes involved, some certain quality terminologies have to be defined in terms of this research work. They are: Product Specification. It is often called tolerance .it is a preset range of acceptable quality characteristics, such as product dimensions. For a product to be considered acceptable, its characteristics must fall within this preset range. In this work the product specification used in bbl ranging from 600ml to 630ml. Defect. It can be defined as a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended level that occurs with a severity sufficient to cause to cause an associated product or service not to satisfy the intended requirement. In this work anything below 600ml or above 630ml is considered as a defect, because that is the product specification used in bbl. Materials. These are the materials used in this research work. They are: 1000ml measuring cylinder, a bottle crown opener, octanol (an organic solution), empty crates and a basin. Procedure of Measuring the Volume Content of the Bottles. Firstly, samples were randomly selected from the population. 1000ml measuring cylinder was provided which I ensured that it was not wet inside. The opener was used to remove the corks of the selected bottles. Then two drops of octanol were put into the bottles and was allowed for few minutes to dissolve the foams, after which the content of the bottle was turned into the cylinder. Readings were taken and it was recorded. These steps were repeated for all the samples collected. 3.4 Problems and Limitation of Data Collection. One of the steps in empirical research is to determine the most important obstacles to the research. A research is a process of discovering the unknown through the known, and in achieving this, input such as time, energy and costs are used for the benefits or value in terms of contribution to knowledge. In spite of these efforts put in place, it is important to mention that some extraneous circumstance could have created some imperfection in the methodology adopted. Apart from personal sacrifices, energy and money, a lot of time is required in the search of information, data collection and conducting of random sampling. Another problem that limits the quality of the research work was the non-availability of Nigerian Textbooks that could fully describe the situation of quality control in Nigeria. Thus, this research had rely largely on foreign textbooks, journals and periodic. In the next chapter the values of the measured volume of the samples gathered were regarded as the data and were presented on a data distribution table for analysis and interpretation. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DATA PRESENTATION, CALCULATION AND DISCUSION. 4.1 Data Presentation and Calculation. Having concluded investigations to collect the necessary data, the focus of this chapter therefore is to present and analyze them in a form that will make the important features of the subject to be easily grasped and interpreted. This will enable the researcher evaluate the effect of quality control on productivity in bbl. It is expected that the results presented would be used as a guide in forming an opinion and recommendations on strategies and techniques for improving productivity. The results of the practical analysis were based on the data collected from one hundred bottles properly selected, measured and recorded collected from Benue Breweries Limited. This section involves presentation of data and calculation of the following: the samples mean, the sample ranges, the average of the sample mean and the mean of the sample ranges. Table 4.1 represents the raw data (unprocessed data) from the case study, while Table 4.2, represent the mean and range table which presents both the calculated means and ranges of the samples presented on the Table 4.1 Table. 4.1: Raw data distribution table Sample Number Observations (bottle volume in ml) 1 2 3 4 1 616 617 619 616 2 617 620 618 621 3 619 618 619 619 4 616 622 620 617 5 618 618 618 616 6 620 620 619 617 7 618 618 622 616 8 618 619 615 616 9 618 619 620 620 10 619 618 620 617 11 616 620 619 616 12 616 621 620 616 13 618 618 617 618 14 619 620 618 620 15 618 620 616 621 16 617 620 616 618 17 618 619 621 618 18 620 620 618 619 19 620 618 618 616 20 618 620 622 616 21 616 621 617 617 22 617 621 617 617 23 617 618 616 617 24 619 620 619 621 25 618 618 620 620 Calculation I. This involves the calculation of both the means of the samples and ranges of the samples using equations presented in the chapter three. Using the equation 3.1a the mean of the samples can be calculated X = ?_(i=1)^n?X i n Sample no.1: X1= 616+617+619+616 4 X1= 617.0ml. Sample no.2 X2 ¬ = 617+620+618+621 4 X2 = 619.0ml. Sample no.3 X3 = 619+618+619+619 4 X3 = 618.5ml. Sample no.4 X4 = 616+622+620+617 4 X4 = 618.8ml. Sample no.5 X5 = 618+618+618+616 4 X5 = 617.5ml. Sample no.6 X6 = 620+620+619+617 4 X6 = 619.0ml. Sample no.7 X7 = 618+618+622+616 4 X7 = 618.5ml. Sample no.8 X8 = 618+619+615+616 4 X8 = 617.0ml. Sample no.9 X9 = 618+619+620+620 4 Sample no.10 X10 = 619+618+620+617 4 X10 = 618.5ml. Sample no.11 X11 = 616+620+619+616 4 X11 = 617.8ml. Sample no.12 X12 ¬ = 616+621+620+616 4 X12 = 618.3ml. Sample no.13 X13 = 618+618+617+618 4 X13 = 617.8ml. Sample no.14 X14 = 619+620+618+620 4 X14 = 619.3ml. Sample no.15 X15 = 618+620+616+621 4 X15 = 618.8ml. Sample no.16 X16 = 617+620+616+618 4 X16 = 617.8ml. Sample no.17 X17 = 618+619+621+618 4 X17 = 619.0ml. Sample no.18 X18 = 620+620+618+619 4 X18 = 619.3ml. Sample no.19 X19 = 620+618+618+616 4 X19 = 618.0ml. Sample no.20 X20 = 618+620+622+616 4 X20 = 619.0ml. Sample no.21 X21 = 616+621+617+617 4 X21 = 617.8ml. Sample no.22 X22 = 617+621+617+617 4 X22 = 618.0ml. Sample no.23 X23 = 617+618+616+617 4 X23 = 617.0ml. Sample no.24 X24 = 619+620+619+621 4 X24 = 619.8ml. Sample no.25 X25 = 618+618+620+620 4 X25 = 619.0ml For the Range of the samples. Using the equation 3.2a the range of each sample can be calculated. R = XL-XS Sample no.1 R1 = 619–616 R1 = 3 Sample no.2 R2 = 621–617 R2 = 4 Sample no.3 R3 = 619–618 R3 = 1 Sample no.4 R4 = 622–616 R4 = 6 Sample no.5 R5 = 618–616 R5 = 2 Sample no.6 R6 = 620–617 R6 = 3 Sample no.7 R7 = 622–616 R7 = 6 Sample no.8 R8 = 619–615 R8 = 4 Sample no.9 R9 = 620–618 R9 = 2 Sample no.10 R10 = 620–617 R10 = 3 Sample no.11 R11 = 620–616 R11 = 4 Sample no.12 R12 = 621–616 R12 = 5 Sample no.13 R13 = 618–617 R13 = 1 Sample no.14 R14 = 620–618 R14 = 2 Sample no.15 R15 = 621–616 R15 = 5 Sample no.16 R16 = 620–616 R16 = 4 Sample no.17 R17 = 621–618 R17 = 3 Sample no.18 R18 = 620–618 R18 = 2 Sample no.19 R19 = 620–616 R19 = 4 Sample no.20 R20 = 622–616 R20 = 6 Sample no.21 R21 = 621–616 R21 = 5 Sample no.22 R22 = 621–617 R22 = 4 Sample no.23 R23 = 618–616 R23 = 2 Sample no.24 R24 = 621–619 R24 = 2 Sample no.25 R25 = 620–618 R25 = 2 Table. 4.2: Mean-Range distribution table. Sample Number Observations (bottle volume in ml) Mean(ml) Range 1 2 3 4 X R 1 616 617 619 616 617.0 3 2 617 620 618 621 619.0 4 3 619 618 619 619 618.5 1 4 616 622 620 617 618.8 6 5 618 618 618 616 617.5 2 6 620 620 619 617 619.0 3 7 618 618 622 616 618.5 6 8 618 619 615 616 617.0 4 9 618 619 620 620 619.3 2 10 619 618 620 617 618.5 3 11 616 620 619 616 617.8 4 12 616 621 620 616 618.3 5 13 618 618 617 618 617.8 1 14 619 620 618 620 619.3 2 15 618 620 616 621 618.8 5 16 617 620 616 618 617.8 4 17 618 619 621 618 619.0 3 18 620 620 618 619 619.3 2 19 620 618 618 616 618.0 4 20 618 620 622 616 619.0 6 21 616 621 617 617 617.8 5 22 617 621 617 617 618.0 4 23 617 618 616 617 617.0 2 24 619 620 619 621 619.8 2 25 618 618 620 620 619.0 2 Total 15459.8 85 Calculation II. This involves the calculation of the average of the samples means and the mean of the sample ranges using equations presented in chapter three. Using the equation 3.1b the average of the sample means can be calculated. X = ?_(i=1)^n?X n X = 15459.8 25 X = 618.4ml Using the equation 3.2b the mean of the sample ranges can be calculated. R = ?_(i=1)^n?R n R = 85 25 R = 3.4 Calculation for the Lower and Upper control Limit for the Mean (X- bar) chart. The lower and the upper control limit for the mean chart can be calculated using equations 3.3a and 3.3b respectively. Lower Control Limit (LCL) = X –A2 R Upper Control Limit (UCL) = X + A2 R X = 618.4ml R = 3.4 A2 = 0.73 LCL = 618.4 – 0.73(3.4) LCL = 615.9ml UCL = 618.4 + 0.73(3.4) UCL = 620.9ml The centre line for the mean chart (CL) is give by the average of the sample mean = 618.4ml Fig. 4.1the Mean Control Chart Calculation for the Lower and Upper control Limit for the Range chart (R- chart). The lower and the upper control limit for the range chart can be calculated using equations 3.4a and 3.4b respectively. Lower Control Limit (LCL) = D3 R Upper Control Limit (UCL) = D4 R R = 3.4 D3 = 0 D4 =2.282 LCL = 0 x 3.4 LCL = 0 UCL = 2.282 x 3.4 UCL = 7.8 The centre line for the mean chart (CL) is give by the mean of the sample ranges = 3.4 Fig.4.2 the Range Chart 4.2 Discussion. In evaluation of the quality control on the product produced in bbl Makurdi, Benue State. The means and ranges of the data collected were calculated and used to plot the mean chart (fig.4.1) and the range chart (fig.4.2). The mean chart (fig.4.1) is used to measure the central tendency of the product while the range chart measured the dispersion of variance of the product. Since, it is possible to have a shift in the mean of the product but not a change in the dispersion. This shift could be detected by the mean chart. On the other hand, it is possible to have a shift in the dispersion of the product without a change in the mean and this could be detected by a range chart. Since, a shift can be either in mean or range, in order to monitor the process effectively both the mean and the range charts can be used. That is main reason that prompted the use of both charts in this work. From the plotted points on the mean chart (fig.4.1), it could be seen clearly that none of the plotted points is above the UCL or below the LCL rather cluster round the centre line (CL), this shows that the process of production in this company is under control. Also from the plotted points on the range chart (fig.4.2), it could also be seen clearly that none of the plotted points is above the UCL or below LCL, rather cluster round the centre line. This shows that the process of production in this company is under control. Generally, the essence of the upper and lower control limit is to help detect when a process is out of control (i.e. when any plotted value is above the upper limit or below lower limit). CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion. In evaluating and analyzing of data gathered in the course of this research work regarding quality control on productivity in the brewery sectors in Nigeria, the following can be drawn: There are sign that quality control concepts improve the performance of an organization in terms of cost reduction, increase in productivity, competitiveness and customer satisfaction. The concept of quality control has been highly welcomed in this company as a way of life for customer satisfaction making the customer delighted as well as staff and in achieving corporate goals and objectives Finally, the importance of quality control in achieving success in business can hardly be denied. Peters and Waterman (1982) found quality to be an important element in the pursuit of excellence. Quality is therefore the best assurance of customer allegiance, strongest defense against competition and the only path to sustained company growth and earnings. Involvement of all the members of the company in the system is crucial if improvement in the performance and productivity is ever to be achieved with the adoption of quality control. Though, this is not easy to achieve but it must come from personal example and commitment. In addition, there must be consistency in the system as this can help change the entire process and maintain the competitive edge which the company seeks to attain. From the findings of this research work, it can be concluded that the machines and processes use in production in this company are effectively functioning well. 5.2 Recommendations. In view of the findings, the following recommendations are made. The practice of quality control should be regarded as an ongoing activity. As long as there are new ideas, innovations, developments, there should be no end to quality control process, so as to be able to cope with the dynamism of the modern world. There is need for top management to be more committed to quality control, as well as providing an enabling environment to incorporate all within the system in the quality control process. Similarly, there should be quality control awareness campaign a well as quality control meetings where programmes/ideas can always be discussed. The company should intensify efforts on cost reduction exercise. This can be done by providing regular staff training programmes for the staffs as this will help increase their knowledge, skills and prepare them for future challenges. Regular routine maintenance should be conducted on the machines to ensure steady efficiency of the machines. Inspections should always be conducted, data collected and analyzed in order to detect when the production is going out of control. Determine where current and potential quality problems lie. Take corrective actions, using established formal systems to remove the root causes of the problem. 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