The Age Of Innocence By Edith Wharton - 1558 Words

The family-oriented 1950 s were perhaps the last decade in which women s behavior and social norms were in agreement, according to the study, entitled American Women in Transition. There is much controversy on the social norms of women. In her well credited novel The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton uses gender roles to emphasize that women are seen inferior to men while portraying that it is socially acceptable in their society to objectify women and categorize them based on their actions. She uses two highly contrasting characters that both embody desirable traits as well as inexpedient traits in order to convey this. Wharton’s parents were wealthy conservatives who belonged to New York’s upper class. At the age of 23, she wed a wealthy upper class man as her parents had wanted. Wharton was not fond of any of the events which came along with the lifestyle, leading her to a nervous breakdown a few years into her marriage. When she was younger she had written short stories and poems, so subsequently when she had her break down it was recommended that she start to write again. She wrote the novel incompletely as a representation of her own life and struggles. Newland Archer evidently holds a predisposition for objectifying Countess Ellen Olenska as well as May Welland. Wharton describes this perception of May on page 6 of the novel as, â€Å"he contemplated her absorbed young face with a thrill of possessorship in which pride in his own masculine initiation wasShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Innocence By Edith Wharton1539 Words   |  7 PagesIn Edith Wharton’s novel, The Age of Innocence, the old New York society accepted those who followed moral codes and dreaded hearing those who did not. Growing up in a society that has strict rules and traditions in the 1800’s, Wharton wrote books about this time period and how characters were affected by these societal rules and traditions. Edith Wharton grew up in New York City and spent most her life there. She met her husband, Edward Wharton there and continued writing other novels as well. LaterRead MoreThe Age Of Innocence By Edith Wharton2131 Words   |  9 Pages The novel, The Age of Innocence, is the story of Newland Archer, a lawyer and heir to one of New York s most prominent families. Newland is planning to marry the young, beautiful and sheltered May Welland, however when May s exotic cousin, the Countess Ellen Olenska, appears on the scene he begins to question these plans. Throughout The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton uses the social interactions and attitudes of Newland Archer and his friends as a means of weighing society itself. The genreRead MoreEssay on The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton539 Words   |  3 Pages Edith Wharton was the author of The Age of Innocence, a novel published in 1920. In the book, many topics were considered, such as divorce, the empowerment of women, and the lifestyle of the wealthy. The inspiration for these motifs occurred throughout her life. Although Edith Wharton’s work was not well-received, the topics included in her writings held many truths about upper-class society in the late 1800s; therefore, Edith Wharton was influenced by her past and societal experiences. WhartonRead MoreThe Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton1505 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  The  narrator  is  able  to  share  how  life  in  high  New  York  society  functions.   More  specifically,  the  narrator  is  able  to  reveal  Newland  Archer’s  thoughts  and  emotions  as  he   works  through  his  internal  struggle.    ­Irony ­Ã‚   The  book  being  called  The  Age  of  Innocence  is  ironic  because  the  one  who  would  be  perceived   as  being  most  innocent,  is  not  as  naà ¯ve  as  believed.  May  Welland  Archer  grew  up  innocent  and   naà ¯ve  and  has  never  known  passion  until  her  husband  introduces  her  to  it.  Ã‚  After  Newland  begins   his  affairRead MoreThe Age Of Innocence By Edith Wharton And The Waste Land1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton and The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot has similar recurring imagery. Both literary works portray two women in a way and compare these two women characters. Wharton’s portrayal of gender in the society of Old New York illustrates the â€Å"perfect† woman through May Welland along with the â€Å"imperfect† woman through Ellen Olenska, whereas in the poem The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot, the role and sexuality of women is shown through the juxtaposition of two women in the sectionRead MoreSociety in The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesSociety in The Age of Innocence The Age of Innocence, written by Edith Wharton, is about the upper-class society of New York City in the 1870’s. The novel follows the life of an upper-class lawyer named Newland Archer. He is going to wed May Welland, who comes from another upper-class family. As the novel progresses Newland starts to become intrigued with May’s cousin, the poor Ellen Olenska. Ellen is called â€Å"poor† because she is shameful in the eyes of the society that surrounds her. EllenRead MoreThe Birth Of The Realism And Modernism Era1322 Words   |  6 PagesEdith Wharton Literary History The birth of the Realism and Modernism era appeared during the late eighteenth century to early nineteenth century. Both Realism and Modernism are evident in many of Edith Wharton’s literary works. Realism came from chaotic times where it â€Å"encompasses the period of time from the Civil War†(Realism from American). The United States grew enormously after the civil war with â€Å"the rapid growth in industrialism and urbanization, an expanding population base due to immigrationRead MoreEdith Wharton1675 Words   |  7 PagesBiographical Summary Edith Wharton lived a very interesting life. She had grown up in a relatively high class family. She had some trouble in her relationship though. Most of her novels are written about her past life experiences. Although she did have challenges to face, Edith Wharton ended up extremely well. On January 24, 1862, Edith Wharton was born in New York City. Her parents are George Fredric Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander. They were descents from English and Duitch colonists whoRead MoreSociety Wasn’t Built In a Day: Societal Structure in The Age of Innocence1493 Words   |  6 Pagesthing to arrive early at the opera; and what was or was not the thing played a part as important in Newland Archers New York as the inscrutable totem errors that had ruled the destinies of his forefathers thousands of years ago-Edith Wharton The Age of Innocence Societies, like houses and businesses are built a certain way. They each have a certain way of functioning and placing some people above others. Throughout history, there are plenty examples of this concept, the best of which lies withinRead MoreConformity in Edith Whartons The Age of Innocence Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesexpress the pitfalls of this new society. Edith Wharton analyzes the dual purpose of the silences through characters that represent different facets of views during the time. In the Age of Innocence,Wharton emphasizes Olenska and Archer’s silences to identify and criticize the invisible evils that lurk within the hierarchy of â€Å"old New York† and reveal the rationalization of a pretentious and delusional society. Depicting the nature of a desperate society, Wharton reveals, in this seemingly extravagant

Jean Jacques Rousseau Critique - 1360 Words

Jean-Jacques Rousseaus philosophy of education known as negative education (Entwistle in Bayley, 89) describes many valid concepts which are still applied in todays educational system. Although his philosophy is reasonable in terms of its ideas, his contradictions make it such that it would be difficult to apply realistically as pedagogy. Rousseau was a French philosopher of the eighteenth century, he argued that children should not be told what to learn, instead they should learn for themselves through experiences and his pedagogies of negative education, the discipline of natural consequences, and the discipline of lost opportunities (Entwistle in Bayley, 89). He believed that anything man-made was corrupt and that children†¦show more content†¦Schools today also reflect Rousseaus idea by having different grade levels. As each grade level progresses, the work gets more rigorous. Although there are some contradictions and exaggerations in his philosophy, the ideas behind ne gative education are valid. The Quebec schooling system today is different than from his time, but there are still schooling institutions using his philosophy today. II. Moral Education: The Discipline of Natural Consequences The Discipline of Natural Consequences emphasizes Rousseaus belief in learning rather than teaching. A more effective way of teaching principles to a child is through cause and effect. Children do not want to plainly be told what is right or wrong, what they can or cannot do all the time. If the child is put in situations where he or she will suffer the consequences of doing something wrong, the child will learn what is right. If the child learns from the consequences, he will realize that doing that action causes him pain and will want to stop doing the same mistake again. Rousseau believes that the tutor should not correct the childs mistake because nature will take its toll and teach him that lesson (Entwistle in Bayley, 93-94). Rousseaus example in the story of Emile shows that even when Emile breaks a window in his room, the tutor doesnt replace it, therefore leaving Emile to suffer the consequences ofShow MoreRelatedJe an Jacques Rousseau And The Discourse On Inequality1546 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind â€Å"In fact, the real source of all those differences, is that the savage lives within himself, whereas the citizen, beside himself, knows only how to live in the opinion of others; in so much that it is, if I may say so, merely from their judgement that he derives the consciousness of his own existence,† (Rousseau) The quote deriving from one of history’s most powerful and opinionated critique toRead MoreModern Liberalism and Political Policies1337 Words   |  6 PagesModern Liberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophies and theories each differ from one another’s, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state. Modern liberalismRead More Philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment Essay examples1477 Words   |  6 Pagesdrinking spots. The ideas of philosophes during the Enlightenment challenged whole societies. Some of philosophes include Denis Diderot, Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Voltaire. In the mid eighteenth century, the Encyclopedia was published. It was written under the leadership of Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert. Over one hundred French thinkers contributed to the Encyclopedia, including all of the major French philosophes. DiderotRead MoreThe Political Landscape Of France1367 Words   |  6 PagesBaron de Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, both paved the way for the French and other Enlightenment revolutions during the 18th and 19th centuries. Although neither of the men saw the manifestations of their ideas in the American or French Revolutions, their influence is unquestionable to these movements. Without the political and economic atmosphere in France and Europe during the 18th and 19th century, the ideas and beliefs of thinkers like Montesquieu and Rousseau would not have affectedRead MoreRousseau s Influence On Society1443 Words   |  6 PagesHarmon Rousseau Influence on Society Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher and writer of the 18th century. Rousseau’s political philosophy influenced a lot of people and was well know for his work. His philosophy had a great impact that influenced the French Revolution and develop the modern, political, sociological, and educational thought. Rousseau wanted to influence his political concepts that were important to him and wanted to develop a new way of thought. In his work, Rousseau talks aboutRead MoreExploring Karl Marx and Jean-Jacque Rousseaus Views on Freedom1541 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the writings of Karl Marx and Jean-Jacque Rousseau occasionally seem at odds with one another both philosophers needs to be read as an extension of each other to completely understand what human freedom is. The fundamental difference between the two philosophers lies within the way which they determine why humans are not free creatures in modern society but once were. Rousseau draws on the genealogical as well as the societal aspects of human nature that, in its development, has strippedRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Theory And Social Discourse1253 Words   |  6 Pagesargued for a government featuring a societal sovereign that protected property. A half century later, Jean Jacques Rousseau published Discourse on Inequality, a piece that explored the proprietary origin and distribution of equality while subtly critiquing John Locke’s the ories. By the time Karl Marx began to explore bourgeois society and its shortcomings, Rousseau was an established Locke critique who Marx’s On the Jewish Question and Communist Manifesto could contend with. The largest point of contentionRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Jacques Rousseau And Denis Diederot s Nephew1439 Words   |  6 Pagesof Jean-Jaques Rousseau’s in Emile, or On Education, and Denis Diederot’s, Rameau’s Nephew. The misdirected view of women’s education and the over utilization of reason and logic to justify moral behavior neglects to see the multidisciplinary thought on education. My perspective offers insight into how there are several contradictions in the texts that highlight the importance of holistic education for men and women. Introduction One of the principal characteristics of Jean Jacques Rousseau andRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1601 Words   |  7 Pagesreform. Philosophers and thinkers were crucial to the progress of the enlightenment. Thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, and Adam Smith were prominent figures of the enlightenment. They questioned religion, promoted secularism, and freedom. Most believed that the government was to be an extension of the people and should not be totalitarian. Locke and Rousseau were focused on protecting the people’s rights. Adam Smith focused on the economic aspects and promoted a free economyRead MoreRousseau s Influence On Politics And Literature1991 Words   |  8 Pagesof work that is wide and very influential supplemented by other pieces of work that he later came up with such as Discourse Sur l’origine De L’inegalite and other drafts that he had made of the constitutions for both Poland and Corsica. G enerally, Rousseau is seen as a moralist rather than a metaphysician in the sense that he is unavoidable while learning about history and political influence in relation to the French revolution and as well a political theorist. His thoughts are well thought out and

Radio Talk Show Host, Rush Limbaugh - 3387 Words

Advocacy Journalism is when a journalist takes a non-objective stance while speaking about a specific topic. It is generally used to argue a specific viewpoint in politics or social matters. This form of journalism has been around for many years. Traces of advocacy journalism date back all the way to the 17th century with John Milton’s Areopagitica (Applegate 11-12). Radio talk show host, Rush Limbaugh, would be a modern example of an advocacy journalist because of his commonly subjective viewpoints that he expresses to his audience. With so many media outlets for people to get their word out on, advocacy journalism has grown to be more prominent in the past few decades. Often, you come across someone speaking about his or her opinions on†¦show more content†¦He focuses on the problems his hometown of Flint, Michigan faces after their plant shuts down, leaving the majority of the town without jobs. Following the release of his first film, he set free another documenta ry in 2002 called, Bowling for Columbine. In this film he examines the gun culture in the United States. He focuses greatly on the shooting held in Littleton, Colorado at Columbine High School and why the two killers performed the terrible act that they did. Both films were slightly different than most documentaries you often watch because he does not remain objective throughout the film. Instead, Moore uses his films to speak passionately about a particular subject. They both were very influential because Moore used tactics that solidified his opinions and arguments. Moore presents information that is impactful and startling. He puts forward many examples that make his viewers elicit the response he wants and in the end makes them agree with his opinions. Ultimately, the impacts of Moore’s films were satisfactory. His use of powerful argumentative techniques sways his audience to his side of opinions. In regards to Roger Me, Moore was successful in persuading GM to hold back a few years before closing another plant because of how Moore portrayed the individuals who were laid off. The poverty and lack of prosperity of the town affected by the closure of many plants was key in persuading individuals that there was an actual

Highlights Necessity Or Importance Of Earlyâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Highlights Necessity Or Importance Of Early? Answer: Introduction Early childhood learning refers to the education given to young children up to the age of eight, formally as well as informally. Toddler or Infant education is a part of early learning, which denotes the type of education given to them from their birth to the age of two. It emerged in the European countries, which have high rate of literacy, for developing the personality of a child. In modern days, it has become a very important part of study, as the government bodies provide funding for the preschools and pre kindergartens (Ahmad Esa, 2017). The report highlights the necessity or importance of early childhood learning in order to provide a balanced effective literacy program. Often, it focuses on playful learning, which meets the intellectual, physical, emotional, social and language needs of the children. A childs imagination and curiosity enhances in this way. It allows the development of a childs imagination power. A child gain knowledge and learn efficiently through activities like social games, art and dramatic play (Baquedano-Lpez, Alexander Hernandez, 2013). The report throws light on the detailed analysis of a balanced and effective literacy program, in the early primary school setting for young children. The observations and information are collected from an educator in this field. It further includes the current setting of the literacy program and what more can be done to make it more effective. Discussion Children learn the most when they are young. They adopt all the new experiences, new words, new behavior which comes their way. A childs parents have a larger impression on his/her future. Early childhood learning is the basis of a childs lifelong journey. It proves to be beneficial for the development of a childs personality. It helps children learn cooperation and socialization in order to overcome their shyness and gain confidence (Bredekamp, 2016). Analysis of the Present Literacy Setting Early education given to children guides them to accept and appreciate the differences of the society and become accustomed with those. Children must understand that each and every person is special and unique in a specific way, in accordance with their culture, ethnicity and beliefs. This part of the report contains a brief analysis of the present literacy setting for childhood education, which is acquired after visiting classrooms and interviewing the educators (Brooks-Gunn, Berlin Fuligni, 2013). Shared Reading Program It is basically an interactive process of reading in which the educator and the children share a text and reads it. It helps in building the reading skills of a child, taking care of the accuracy and fluency. The educator reads out the text clearly and loudly, keeping in mind the reading speed, and the students repeat the sentences. It also helps in enhancing the students vocabulary which is beneficial for their future. Shared readings help the students gain knowledge and skills (Bruce, 2012). Reading Aloud Reading aloud is a specific process where the educators select a passage and ask the student to read it aloud in front of the whole class. This helps in building self confidence among the children and enhances their listening skills as well as out knowledge. Children become more attentive in class through this procedure. Teachers must also give stress on their pronunciation patterns (Calderon, 2012). Guided Reading It allows the educators to create small groups and differentiate those in order to deliver instructions of reading at each students particular level of reading. Reading aloud and shared readings are mainly done for the benefit of the entire class. Guided readings help in enhancing the behavioral skill of a student to a particular level (Campbell et al., 2012). Missing Word This procedure of the educators involves the strategy of knowingly removing some words from a particular paragraph or passage. The students are asked to identify the missing word and complete the sentence. This helps in engaging the students into analytical or problem solving behaviors, which in turn, enhances their reading and problem solving skills. This practice helps them from making spelling errors and knowing the right meaning of the sentences (Duhn, 2012). Enhancement of Vocabulary It is a part of balanced literary program which involves the student in decoding the meaning of each and every word. The educators read out difficult words and make the student understand the meanings of each and every word. Phonetically learning words helps in enhancing the students vocabulary and spelling power (Egan, 2012). Interactive Writing It is the process where the educators as well as the students write together. The teacher may write the introductory paragraph, on the other hand, students are asked to complete the paragraph as per their wish. This helps the students to enhance their creative and innovative skills and write according to their choices. It also gives a student full freedom to utilize his/her knowledge, thus promoting creativity (Essa, 2012). Reading Patterns In many pre schools and kindergartens, children are taught in the form of music and dance. It helps them enhance their memorizing power, as the words are repetitive and it runs in their minds. It is seen that children tend to learn more if they are taught in playful ways. Surveys have shown that, it helps children remember things more efficiently and effectively. They also enjoy this rhythmic style of learning; hence, it increases their knowledge and memorizing ability (Gordon Browne, 2013). Instructions to a better setting of Early Learning A balanced and comprehensive approach to early learning can help the children learn more efficiently. Essential procedures must be undertaken at schools and homes as well, in order to have a better setting of early learning. Many preschools lack the basic requirements which result in slow development of the childrens skills and knowledge. This section of the report discusses about the areas of improvement. Following are some instructions to a better setting of early learning (John Sons, 2014). Workshops Various workshops help in engaging the students parents. It helps them know the condition of their kids and how they are improving. The parents must be given a mini lesson on how to tackle their kids. Children must be given independent time to read in order to develop a specific strategy of reading. Parents should be interactive and playfully teach their kids, keeping in mind the childs psychology (McWayne et al., 2013). It should be kept in mind that children must have the opportunity to do what they love; otherwise they will become stubborn in nature. Similarly, they must be given their own time to write small paragraphs, which will help in enhancing their writing strategies and skills, stressing on their handwriting (Lascarides Hinitz, 2013). Disabilities Children with disabilities must be taken care from an early age. For example, parents of a deaf child must be affluent with sign languages, which will help the child in learning through natural processes. Parents and educators must be interactive in case of disabled children; otherwise their learning procedure gets hampered. It is to be taken care that they must not face any difficulty in the development of their language. Many a times, it is seen, that disabled children lack confidence. It is the duty of their parents and educators, to build-in the confidence in them, so that they do not feel left out. They must be given an early training of dealing with their incapability, but in a positive manner (Sandra, 2011). Health and Nutrition Children must also be given proper education on health and nutrition, in preschools and at their homes as well. It enhances their ability and desire for a healthy living in future. They must be given the basic trainings on hygiene and other physical activities for their well being. It is important to educate them at this early stage, regarding nutrition, hygiene, safety and prevention of diseases, in a playful manner (Spodek Saracho, 2014). Food experience Students must receive trainings on washing their hands before eating food. Moreover, they must acquire knowledge on healthy nutrition. For instance, preschools must organize picnics or events like, Fruit Friday, where the students must be encouraged on eating fruits and vegetables, letting them know the nutritional value of the fruits and vegetables which they will bring. Children will enjoy this process, at the same time; they will gain certain nutritional values. They must be given education on healthy as well as unhealthy foods, and the foods they should avoid. Furthermore, sharing of foods must be encouraged (Sandra, 2011). Group Work Children must be given group tasks or group projects to make them become cooperative with others. They must be encouraged in maintaining peace and harmony while performing a group task. They must have the opportunity to mix with each and every group which will enhance their learning procedure. Group works tend to be more beneficial as it helps a child share his/her goals with others (Lascarides Hinitz, 2013). Socialization As imparting education at an early age is a necessity, teaching them on how to socialize with people is equally important. Children must be taught regarding socialization with people other than his/her family, but in a safer environment. They must know to differentiate between safe and unsafe environment. The earlier it is done; the more likely it helps the child overcome his/her shyness and in turn gain self confidence. It also helps in their social development (Gordon Browne, 2013). Cooperation Children must be encouraged to cooperate with others, but in a safe environment for learning. This is more important for an elder child, who may neglect sharing things with his/her siblings. It is very crucial for them to learn these habits at an early stage. Parents need to take part in this, by teaching them proper behavior and etiquettes. It helps them enhance their cooperative skills and abilities (John Sons, 2014). Respect Children must be taught the value of respecting others at an early stage. This does not just mean their elder ones or relatives, but also includes the respect given to the environment, both global and intermediate. Preschools and kindergartens must teach them the value of respecting the environment as well, in order to civilize them and make them a better human being (Calderon, 2012). Respecting Diversity Valuing and respecting the differences and diversities is very crucial for the development of a child. Early childhood learning guides a child to accept and appreciate all the differences of the society and helps them become good and well rounded contributors of the society. Children must understand that every individual is unique in the way they are and they are special with their beliefs, ethnicity and culture. Preschools must teach these values in a playful manner, in order to make them grow as a better human being (Duhn, 2012). Conclusion To conclude, as adults, every day we encounter certain situations, which tests our patience. Children need certain opportunities to get involved in abundant social experiences, which will help them practice and explore the social skills of patience. This should be taught to the children through real life instances and experiences, which will help in developing their patience. Moreover, a sense of well being helps in providing the children with self confidence, self esteem and optimism, which in turn encourages them in exploring their own talents, interests and skills. Positive interactions help in promoting a healthy, secured and positive view of the children, which will allow and encourage them in approaching any situation and problem with utmost confidence all throughout their lives. During the preschool years, most of the children explore new ways and opportunities to discover fresh and new experiences, new environments and new friends. At this stage, the childrens minds are imaginative and lively, which must be encouraged in various ways. Therefore, an educator needs to take care of all these things in order to develop early childhood learning. It is the educators duty to provide challenging environment to the children, where they can gain knowledge through their real life experiences. They may experience tough situations or bruises or cuts, but this will make them strong. This will enable them to cope up with greater and tough challenges, they will face in life. References Ahmad, N. F., Esa, A. (2017). Early childhood education.Psychology, 47787-47789. Baquedano-Lpez, P., Alexander, R. A., Hernandez, S. J. (2013). Equity issues in parental and community involvement in schools: What teacher educators need to know.Review of Research in Education,37(1), 149-182. Bredekamp, S. (2016).Effective practices in early childhood education: Building a foundation. Boston: Pearson. Brooks-Gunn, J., Berlin, L. J., Fuligni, A. S. (2013). Early childhood intervention programs: What about the family?. Bruce, T. (2012).Early childhood education. Hachette UK. Calderon, R. (2012). Parental involvement in deaf children's education programs as a predictor of child's language, early reading, and social-emotional development.Journal of deaf studies and deaf education,5(2), 140-155. Campbell, F. A., Pungello, E. P., Burchinal, M., Kainz, K., Pan, Y., Wasik, B. H., ... Ramey, C. T. (2012). Adult outcomes as a function of an early childhood educational program: an Abecedarian Project follow-up.Developmental psychology,48(4), 1033. Duhn, I. (2012). Making placefor ecological sustainability in early childhood education.Environmental Education Research,18(1), 19-29. Egan, K. (2012).Primary understanding: Education in early childhood(Vol. 27). Routledge. Essa, E. L. (2012).Introduction to early childhood education. Cengage Learning. Gordon, A. M., Browne, K. W. (2013).Beginnings beyond: Foundations in early childhood education. Cengage learning. John, W., Sons, (2014). Reproduction and Communication for educational purposes. In 2014, National Library of Australia, (pp. 97-125) Lascarides, V. C., Hinitz, B. F. (2013).History of early childhood education(Vol. 982). Routledge. McWayne, C., Downer, J. T., Campos, R., Harris, R. D. (2013). Father involvement during early childhood and its association with children's early learning: A meta-analysis.Early Education Development,24(6), 898-922. Sandra, H., (2011). A Contested Space: the dialogic intersection of ICT, multiliteracies, and early childhood. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood,12(4), 349-359. Spodek, B., Saracho, O. N. (2014).Handbook of research on the education of young children. Routledge.